Colliding+Worlds+(665-670)+2

= Colliding Worlds and Iberian Empires in the Americas and Settlers in the Colonies (665-675) =

**__ Colliding Worlds __**
M.S.
 * //The Spanish Caribbean//**
 * Indigenous people were the Tainos
 * Also known as Arawaks
 * sailed from Orinoco River valley (South America) to Caribbean Islands. Settled by 900 CE
 * Lived in small villages where chiefs were authorities[[image:agueybana1.jpg width="324" height="241" align="right"]]
 * Interested in glass, beads, and metal tools that Spanish mariners brought to trade
 * Showed little resistance to European visitors.
 * Spanish Arrival
 * Columbus and followers made the island Hispaniola base of Spanish operations in Caribbean.
 * Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capitol of the Spanish Caribbean.
 * Original plan was to build forts and trading posts, but the region offered no silks or spices for European market.
 * Settlers wanted to mine gold, but did not want to do it themselves, so most miners were Tainos.
 * //Encomienda://an institution which gave Spanish settlers the rights to force Tainos into labor.
 * In return for the labor, they were responsible for the workers' health and welfare, as well as encouragement of their conversion to Christianity.
 * Tainos organized rebellions, but their weapons had little effect against Spanish forces.
 * 1515: social disruption and physical abuse brought decline to Taino populations.
 * Smallpox
 * After 1518, devastating epidemics of smallpox reached the Caribbean also brought decline to Taino populations.
 * To replace laborers lost to disease, the Spanish started kidnapping other Tainos to work
 * 1492: Population 4 million. 1540s: Population of a few thousand.
 * From Mining to Plantation Agriculture
 * Mid-16th century: Spanish found silver in Mexico and Peru, left Caribbean behind.
 * 1640's: French, English, and Dutch went to Caribbean to establish plantations
 * Though lacking in precious metals, there were good agricultural conditions.
 * Tobacco becomes main cash crop.
 * Imported several million slaves due to planters lacking labor to operate estates.

S.N.
 * //The Conquest of Mexico and Peru//**
 * Hernán Cortès[[image:cortes_10.jpg width="318" height="230" align="right"]]
 * Brought down Aztec empire 1519-1521
 * Went searching for gold
 * Had 450 soldiers
 * Started in Veracruz, went Tenochtitlan
 * Seized the emperor, Motecuzoma II who died in 1520
 * Cortès seized Tenochtitlan and starved the city into surrendering
 * Weaponry, Doña Marina, disease, and native allies all helped in this overtaking
 * Epidemic Diseas
 * Smallpox raged through Tenochtitlan during the seige
 * Killed at least 10K
 * Fransisco Pizarro
 * Brought down Inca empire 1530-1533
 * Set out in 1530, with 180 soldiers (later 600)
 * Arrived in Peru in 1530
 * Called a conference of all the Incan rulers, killed most of them but Athualpa
 * Killed him after he gathered mass amounts of gold for Pizarro
 * Strangled, decapitated
 * Stole gold and silver from everything, even melted statues and stole from deceased Inca rulers
 * Many Inca's didn't rebel to Pizarro rule
 * 1540 Spanish had securely made themselves prominent rulers in Peru


 * //Iberian Empires in the Americas//**
 * Spanish Colonial Administration
 * 2 centers of authority in new word; Mexico (New Spain) and Peru (New Castile)
 * Governed by a viceroy
 * 1535 Capitol of Lima for Peru
 * Viceroy
 * King's representative in America
 * Much power
 * "Audiencias"- college educated lawyers to check power of Viceroy for king
 * Heard peoples thoughts of viceroys' decisions and could address concerns directly to Spanish king
 * Would have reviews, bad reviews meant punishment for viceroy
 * Local towns usually came under rule of audiencias


 * New Cities
 * Spanish rule in Americas led to establishment of cities in the viceroyalties
 * Territory expanded under Spanish imperial authority
 * Network of bureaucratic control built and based in new cities
 * Portuguese Brazil
 * Portugal gained Brazil in the Treaty of Tordesillas-signed in 1494 by Spain and Portugal
 * Portuguese forces established an imperial prescence in Brazil while Spain built empire in Mexico and Peru
 * Portuguese king granted land to nobles for development and colonization
 * Governor appointed to oversee and implement royal policy
 * Sugar plantations established by mid-16th century
 * Portuguese interest in Brazil rose dramatically
 * Colonial American Society
 * American cities of Iberian empires centered around European-style society
 * Churches and cathedrals
 * Spanish and Portuguese languages of government, business, society
 * Indigenous life persisted in rural areas
 * Some Spanish and Portuguese colonists came and adapted to their societies
 * Indigenous languages of Latin America still used today
 * New world seen as land to exploit rather than settle and colonize
 * Many Spanish and Portuguese migrants settled Americas from 1500-1800
 * Helped establish a new world in the western hemisphere

//**Settler Colonies in North America**// B.F.
 * Foundation of Colonies[[image:img_g5u4_quiz_colony_popu.jpg width="269" height="388" align="right"]]
 * France and England came seeking fur, fish, and trade routes
 * Permanent colonies on North American mainland began early 17th century
 * French founded Port Royal (Nova Scotia) and Quebec
 * Settled in eastern Canada, near St. Lawrence, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers, and south to Gulf of Mexico
 * English: Jamestown and Massachusetts Bay Colony
 * Colonized east coast of present-day U.S.
 * Dutch built New Amsterdam, seized by England and became New York
 * Settlers relied on provisions sent from Europe
 * Supply ships sometimes didn't arrive and food shortages occurred
 * Indigenous people then provided food or settlers would eat dead humans
 * Colonial Government differed from Iberian territories
 * Private investors controlled colonies with little royal backing
 * Settlers had more control over their colony's affairs
 * English colonies subject to royal authority, but also institutions of self-government
 * Relations with Indigenous Peoples in the americas differed from the in Iberia
 * They did not find large empires but smaller states of hunter-gatherer societies
 * Europeans cut down forested area's and then ended up excluding the indigenous people who migrated their.
 * European settlers made legal deals with indigenous people, justifying the taking of land that they were making good use of the land by farming it
 * Settler's often fought with native people's in not all out war but in gorilla attacks that would cause mass death in the area's that were attacked.
 * In 1622 for instance in an attack by native people, and 1/3 of the English settlers, which prompted a retaliation attack.
 * After disease infected the area and attacks continued on the native people, their population went from up to 10 million to only 600 thousand by 1800.