Egypt+(complex)+(69-80)+2

**Egypt (complex) 69-80**
__**Cities of the Nile Valley**__
 * cities of egypt are not as well known in early societies are Mesopotamian cities (agricultural villages) VK
 * Memphis was founded in early 3100 B.C.E, and because of its location at the head of the Nile delta Memphis was a convenient site for a capital- MZ
 * Mephis was an important city because of it's location at the head of the Nile Delta which is necessary for trading-MW
 * Another important city was __#|Thebes__, __#|Thebes__ was a prominent political center before the unification of Egypt. After the unification __#|Thebes__ became the administrative center of Upper Egypt and became the capital to several pharaohs.-MZ
 * Tanis was a bustling port and Egypt's gateway to the Mediteranean.-MZ
 * The most promanent cities in ancient time in Nubian were Kema, Napata, and Meroe.-MZ
 * Kerma was the capital of the earliest kingdom of Kush, Kerma dominated both river and overland routes between Egypt to the north and Sudanic regions to the south.-MZ
 * During the middle seventh century B.C.E Assyrian forces pushed Kushites and made their own imperial control in Egypt and the capital of Kush moved farther south to a city called Meroe-MW

__**Bronze and Iron Metallurgy**__
 * __jobs such as priestesses, but a few got a formal __#|education__ and became scribes who prepared administrative and __#|legal document__ for the government and private properties.
 * peasants and slaves supplied hard labor
 * pharaohs were central rulers and left little room for noble classes- VK
 * military forces, administrators, and __#|tax__ collectors served as the central government -VK
 * These __#|social classes__ where similar from Mesopotamias with slaves and comeners on the bottom but different with the added oppertunities for women. -LU
 * could tell __#|social classes__ by looking at tombs VK
 * Bronze metallurgy made its way from Mesopotamia to both Egypt and Nubia-MW
 * Sudanic people independently developed a technology of iron production that spread into the sub saharan parts of Africa-MW
 * Nile societies were much slower than the Mesopotamians to make an use tools and weapons out of metals. VK
 * The use of bronze tools and products did not become widespread in Egypt until after the seventeenth century B.C.E.-MZ
 * Because of the land of Nubia was poor in copper they relied more on iron ores then on bronze tools.-MZ
 * By 500 B.C.E. Nubia and West Africa were using large quantities of iron to make a multitude of tools, weapons, etc. -MN
 * Earliest dated iron tools found in Africa are dated to about 900 B.C.E. -MN

__**Transportation**__
 * In Egypt the Nile river was a great means of transportation.-MZ
 * Egyptians traveled __#|up and__ down the river before 3500 B.C.E.-MZ
 * The currents could take the river from upper to lower Egypt, while the ride from lower to upper Egypt was possible to because of the constantly blowing winds they used sail boats.-MZ
 * By 2000 B.C.E they had explored the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the western part of the Arabian Sea.-MZ
 * Nubians had harder time travelling on Nile due to cataracts (white water rapids). -MN
 * Nubians relied heavily on overland travel, using wheeled vehicles and donkey caravans. -MN
 * Alot of labor and the and the new inventions of effecient transportation encouraged more trade networks that linked the Nile Valley to greater parts of the world-MW

-MN
 * Trade Network**s
 * Other than the Nile River Egypt had very little natural resources, therefore trading with the Nubians by 4000 B.C.E. or before. -MN
 * Nubian traded products: ebony, leopard skins, ostrich feathers, god, slaves, etc. -MN
 * Egyptian traded products: pottery, wine, hone, fine __#|linen textiles__, etc. -MN
 * Trade linked Egypt and Nubia even when tension between the two regions complicated matters. -MN
 * After establishment of New Kingdom Egyptians traded through the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden with an east African land called Punt by the Egyptians. -MN
 * This led to advancement in technology and encouraged interaction of people of distant islands -BS
 * Eygptians were trading with Mesopotamians as early as 3500 BCE.-LU

__**Early Writing in the Nile Valley**__ LU
 * Writing first appeared in Egypt around 3200 B.C.E. from a big influence from Mesopotamia-MW
 * Hieroglyphics were used early on, mixture of pictures of symbols representing syllables, sounds, and ideas, and no vowels -BS
 * pictographs found on temples so given the name hieroglyphs (holy-inscriptions) VK
 * Egyptians eventually adapted Greek alphabet -BS
 * use greek alphabet and combine with their own language to develop demotic and coptic scripts VK
 * They later used forms Greek alphabet that eventually worked into their own -BS
 * Hierogylphics were deciphered when the rosetta stone was found in 1798 by Napoleon Bonaparte.-LU
 * Hieroglyphs were more so used on formal writing and momumental insriptions, for every day use egyptian used the hieratice script which is a simplified cursive form of Hieroglyphs-MW


 * __Education__**
 * only job with comfortable life style out of eighteen different professions was a scribe in Egypt -BS
 * Nubians had own spoken language but usually new Egyptian along with others -BS
 * Egypt was a huge influence on Nubia- BS


 * __Meroitic Writing__**
 * Hieroglyphics continued as long as the first century -BS
 * After fifth century Egyptian culture declined in Nubia -BS
 * After Nubian's moved their capital scribes starting writing the Meriotic Language -BS
 * Nubia borrowed egyptian Hieroglyphs but used them to represent sounds instead of ideas -BS
 * Meriotic language is so different no one has ever been able to decipher it -BS


 * __The Development of Organized Religious Tradition__**
 * Amon-Re were sun gods who priests often referred to when they talked about the Gods- BS
 * Eventually another god to place, where monotheism was first shown -BS
 * Aten was the first "sole god" recorded in history making this the very first monothestic religion.LU
 * Akhenaten was a ruler who suppored the belief of Aten (another sun god) -BS
 * He named the new capital city after himself and everything he built in the city had exposure to the sun -BS
 * He workers that traveled around encouraging people to worship Aten -BS


 * __Mummification__**
 * Allows the body to be preserved for after life -BS
 * first, only pharaohs are mummified VK
 * most the time only the rich could afford mummification for their family members -BS
 * eventuallt commoners could afford mummification as well -VK
 * Family members were often times burried with ornaments from their past like jewlery, gold, weapons, trinckets etc.LU


 * __Cult of Osiris__**
 * Seth, brother of Osiris, murdered and scattered his parts throughout the land DMG
 * Isis, wife of Osiris, retrieved and performed proper burial DMG
 * The gods restored Osiris; to god of underworld.. Osiris = Hades DMG
 * Osiris: associated with Nile and the crops.. The cycle of life/death DMG
 * Osiris: associated with immortality.. High moral standards, chose who received immortality DMG
 * believed that Osiris measured hearts against a feather, heavy hears meant evil and no immortality and a pure and light heart gained eternal life VK

__**Nubian Religious Beliefs**__
 * Deities: 1) lion-god Apedemak; war god 2) Sebiumeker, creator and divine god DMG
 * Nubians incorporated Egyptian beliefs with their own; no mummifying DMG
 * Nubians built similar but smaller pyramids than Egyptians VK
 * Osiris and Amon popular in Nubia VK


 * __Themes:__**
 * __Interactions between humans and the enviroment__**
 * Located at the head of the Nile Delta they exploited the fertile ground by learning the flood patterns and discovering when the best times were to cultivate crops.LU
 * Egyptians used the Nile River as trading routes, going up and down the river using the winds and currents. -MN


 * __Development and interaction of culture__**
 * The egyptians felt a strong connection with the Sun, they worshiped sun Gods named Re and Amon hoping it would bring fertility and prosperity to their people.LU
 * They created a writen language called hieroglyphics that they later adapted to the greek alphabet. LU
 * Aten was only worshiped greatly as long as Akhenaten was pharaoh. DMG
 * Want for immortality was a main reason for mummification in Egypt. -MN


 * __State building expansion and conflict__**
 * The people were organized into social classes with Pharaohs at the top slaves at the bottom and very little room in between.LU
 * Pharaohs were supreme and absolute rulers. -MN
 * Egypt had a bureaucratic government including administrators and tax collectors who all worked for the central government. -MN
 * Egypt had no nobles. They relied heavily on professional military forces and the bureaucracy. -MN


 * __Creation expansion and interaction of economic systems__**
 * Egyptians traded with neigboring cities by exploiting the Nile river and the wind for means of travel. LU
 * The Nubians relied on land transportation; wheeled vehicles and donkey caravans. DMG


 * __Development and transformation of social structures__**
 * Although gender roles were more equal than in mesopotamian society the majority of the power was still in the hands of men. Lu
 * Social structure includes: (top to bottom) Pharaohs, administrators, military leaders,scribes, merchants, commoners and slaves.LU
 * Men dominated public life for Egypt and Nubia. -MN
 * Queen Hatshepsut (1473-1458 B.C.E.) reigned as Pharaoh herself alongside her stepson, Tuthmosis III, although Egyptians were unsettled with a female ruler, therefore it happened very rarely. -MN
 * Nubia had several women as rulers, especially when their capital was Meroe. Some ruled on their own and others ruled alongside male kings. -MN