Crossing+Boundaries+2

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Women gained more economic, political, social and sexual rights in highly industrialized states rather than developing nations because gender equality is often linked to to women’s access to employment. (40-50%) ======

Feminism and Equal Rights

 * ======After the great war women were given the right to vote but no economic or sexual equality. This led to women protesting for equal pay and against job discrimination ======
 * ======1960 first feminism movement protested gender equality. Women demanded full control over their bodies (birth control in 60s, abortion in 70s) ======
 * ======U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented race and sex discrimination ======
 * ======There was a Equal Rights Amendment for gender equality but it failed to receive ratification before 1982 ======

Gender Equality in China

 * ======Communist countries like the Soviet Union, Cuba, and China transformed their legal systems around equality ======
 * ======In China, 1950 leaders passed marriage law: free choice of partner, protection of lawful interest of women and children, equal rights for women and men in work, property ownership, and inheritance. It abolished patriarchal practices ======
 * ======Though all this equality tensions still exist in China (don’t receive equal wages) ======
 * ======Parents prefer boys over girls in confucian societies (1 child) ======

Domesticity and Abuse

 * ======In Arab and Muslim societies: women twice as likely to be illiterate (past 25 years women are beginning to catch up in education) ======
 * ======In India women have a life of domesticity (they are taught to be a servant to their husbands and there are severe consequences) ======
 * ======Dowry Deaths: when wife’s family has to pay dowry to the husbands family. If the husband finds it to be inadequate he is allowed to dowse the wife in kerosene and set her on fire. Indian families much prefer sons over daughter so this doesn’t happen. ======
 * ======South Asia: 1995 there was officialy 6,000 deaths. (unofficially 25,000) ======

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 17px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Women Leaders

 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Idira Ghandi (1917-1984) and Benazir Bhuto (1953-) led India and Pakistan as women politicians ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1994 Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga (1945-) first women president of Sri Lanka. Elected her mother for third term as prime minister ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Myanmur, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (1945-) was exiled because she called for a nonviolent revolution against Myanmur’s “fascist government” ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">While exiled made “gateside meeting” which called for support for women and Suu Kyi won yet another election but was not allowed to come into power ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Women demonstrated leadership by: joining organizations, participating in pro women’s rights activities ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1975, United Nation launched “Decade for Women” program which are global conferences that attract large crowds and inspire south asian countries to fight for women’s rights[[image:san-suu_kyi_400.jpg width="321" height="246"]] ======

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Migration__

 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">two types: internal and external ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">internal migration- move from rural to urban areas ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">external migration- movement across long distances and interantional borders ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">push-pull factors ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">push-lack of resources, population pressure, religious/political persecution, or discriminatory practices ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pull-employment, available arable land, better services ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">internal migrations is the largest form of migrations ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the urbanization aspect has been difficult and challenging for people from rural areas ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">combination of voluntary and forced external migrations ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">forced: slave trade, deportation of Jews to labor force and concentration camps during the Holocaust ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">voluntary: war refugees and persons looking for work ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">130 million people live outside of their country of citizenship ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">migrants their own small communities in various cities to keep their cultures and customs ======

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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> ======

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: baseline;">__Cross-Cultural Travelers__

 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">more recent form of migration is tourism ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">came about because of safer and more efficient transportation systems ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">mid-19th century-tourism started coming about with establishment of travel agencies ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">it was accustomed that the wealthy would take extended vacations ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">took to the working class, would take vacations over holidays ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">travel and tourism have both become the largest industry on the planet ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">provides jobs for millions of people ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">tourism also creates low-paying jobs ======
 * ======<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">profits flow to the developed world, where most tourism businesses are located ======

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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1992 Beginning of socialist market of economy in China ======