Post-Classical+Eurasia+and+Asia+2

The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
Xuanzang- young Buddhist monk, traveled to India to gain a better knowledge of Buddhism. Faced many hardships on his journey, confronted by demons and evil spirits, attacked by bandits. Arrived in India in 630, lived there for 12 years and devoted himself to Buddhism and it's teachings. Upon return to China in 645, walked over 10,000 miles. Spent the rest of his life translating Buddhist treatises into Chinese and spreading the religion, popularized Buddhism and spread it throughout China.

The Sui Dynasty
Sui Dynasty came to power (589 to 618 C.E.) Levied taxes and built a strong centralized government, dispatched military to Asia and Korea. Grand Canal constructed by Sui Yangdi, facilitated trade between northern and southern China, series of waterways that extended over 1,240 miles from Hangzhou to Chang'an and a terminus near Beijing. Due to Sui Yangdi's high taxes and labor services, rebellions broke out and he was assassinated. (618 C.E.) A rebel leader took advantage of Sui Yangdi's death and made himself emperor of a new dynasty, the Tang (618 to 907 C.E.)

The Tang Dynasty
Tang was very successful due to Tang Taizong's powerful rule, stabilized gov. and brought prosperity to China. Tang rulers utilized a road network which brought about fast communication with distant cities. Relied on a bureacracy of merit, recruited government officials who had mastered a sophisticated Chinese literature and philosophical system. Tang had a very powerful military, used this to expand their empire. Territorially, the Tang empire was the largest in Chinese history. Tang armies conquered the northern part of Vietnam, and extended their authority west to the Aral Sea. China excercised it's power as the Middle Kingdom, and brought order to subordinate lands with tributary relationships.

The Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty replaced the Tang, and turned China into the superpower of Eurasia with several agricultural, technological, industrial, and commercial developments. Because of the Songs contributions toward agriculture, China saw a rapid rise in population. By 1200 China had over 115 million people. Chinese society and gov. and administration techniques carried over to neighboring lands, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. Weak military and financial problems due to it's bureacracy. -JN

The Economic Development of Tang and Song China SP
-Tang and Song did not have a strong military -They did have agricultural, technological, industrial and commercial advancements

1. Agricultural Development SP
a. When the Sui and Tang armies invaded Vietnam, they found fast-ripening rice -This rice was better because they could have two harvests per year b. The Chinese made iron plows to help with agriculture -in the North the plows were pulled by Oxen and in the South they were plowed by Water Buffalo c. Chinese made irrigation systems -including reservoirs, dikes, dams, canals, pumps and water wheels d.by 1200 CE the Chinese population was at about 115 million e. during the Song dynasty China was the most urbanized land in the world f. Handgzhou was the capital of China during the Song dynasty g.Cultivators during this time had harvests exported to distant lands in China due to population h.In the Song dynasty veneration of the ancestors became more elaborate than ever i. During the Song, young girls (under control of husbands or male guardians) binded their feet so they could not grow propely -This made their feet very small and hard to walk on -Women used canes to walk or had servants carry them

2. Technological and Industrial Development SP
a. during the Tang times: -they invented porcelain which was considered a tool and an art -Iron and steel metallurgy surged during this era b. During the Song and Tang times gunpowder was invented -gunpowder was first used in bamboo called "fire lances" (resembled a flame thrower) -by the 11th century the Chinese had primitive bombs -by the 13th century people of southwest asia and europe began experimenting with metal barreled cannons c. In the Tang era block printing techniques started -by the 11th century the Chinese were using movable blocks instead of carving new words over and over d. In the Tang, chinese became more and more advanced in naval technologies -On ships they traveled to Persia, India and East Africa

3.The Emergence of a Market Economy SP
a. During the Tang and Song China experienced a copper shortage (Their coins were made from copper) b. This lead to the use of promissory notes (which were like an "I owe you') c.The notes also helped with the invention of paper money -paper money lead to problems because the government would print money worth more than they had in revenues d.Because of a lot of trade in China many Arab, Persian, Indian and Malay mariners settled in communities south of Guangzhou and Quanzhou China e.In 879 rebel general Huang Chao massacred 120,000 foreginers when her sacked Guangzhou during the reign of terror f. The Chinese developed a tasted for expensive exotic goods such as incense, pearls, horses and melons -For these goods they traded silk, porcelain, and laquerware g. Tang and Song dynasties of China promoted trade and economic growth throughout the Eastern Hemisphere

Cultural Change in Tang and Song China VK
A.interactions with people of other societies encouraged cultural change in postclassical China B. Confucian and Daoism changed into almost new religions that reflected the conditions of the Tang and Song dynasty

1.The Establishment of Buddhism VK
A. Buddhist merchants traveled the ancient silk roads into China B. during Han dynasty, Buddhism had little interest- confucianism, daoism, and cults that honored family members were popular C. After Han dynasty, confucian tradition suffered- confucian education and civil service systems went into decline because of nomadic invasion and lack of effective government and public order D. foreign religions like Nestorian Christians, Manichaeans, and Zoroastrians settled in China E. Tang Taizong praised the Nestorian religion and allowed them to build monasteries F. Arab and Persian merchants established Musling communities G. Chinese cities appreciated foreign music, dance, food, and trade goods but foreign faith had little interest H.Mahayana Buddhism gradually became popular in Tang and Song China- __came to China over the silk roads__ - people established Buddhist temples, communities and libraries (monasteries became important in the local economy of China) - attracted Chinese people because of high morals, intellectual sophistication, and promise of salvation (practical concerns helped appeal) - also posed a challenge for Chinese culture and social tradtions- some thought monasteries were economically harmful and others didn't like foreign origins - on order to gain more followers, Buddhism explained faith with chinese vocab borrowed mostly from Daoism - changed "dharma" (Indian origin) into "dao"(a daoist term) and changed "nirvana" into "wuwei" - buddhism also started to recognize the importance of family life and offered Buddhism as a religion that would benefit extended Chinese families- they taught "one son in the monastery would bring salvation for ten generations of his kin" I.relgion turned into Buddhism with Chinese characteristics- most poplular was Chan Buddhism -had little interset in written texts but emphasized intuition and sudden flashes on insight in their search for spiritual enlightenment- resembled daoism and buddhism - during Tang and Song dynasties, this religion became immensely popular and influential faith in China - pilgrims like Xuanzang traveled to learn more about Buddhism, helped establish Buddhism as a popular faith J. Daoists and confucians despised Buddhism because it diminished resources for daoism and confucianism -said Buddhist monasteries as wasteful, unproductive burdens on society and that the religion was an alien superstition during late Tang dynasty, Daoism and Confucian critics of Buddhism found allies in imperial court - in 840s the Tang emperors ordered the closure of monasteries and the expulsion of Buddhists as well as Zorastrians, Nestorian Christians, and Manichaeans- Tang rulers did not implement their policy in a thorough way. -it discouraged further expansion but did not eradicate foreign faiths from China K. Buddhism had enough support to allow the faith to survive -influenced development of the Confucian tradition during the Song dynasty

2. Neo-Confucianism VK
A. Song emperors did not persecute Buddhists, but did not support foreign religions- they contributed particularly generously to the Confucian tradition B.Confucian tradtion of the Song dynasty differed from that of earlier times- later Confucian became familiar with the writings of Buddhists- admired Buddhist thought -Buddhism offered a tradtion of logical thought and argumentation but also dealt with issues such as the nature of the soul and the individual's relationship with the cosmos, not systematically explored by confucian thinkers - since Confucian values were much influenced by Buddhism, turned into the religion of neo-Confucianism C. Zhu Xi was most important representative of Song neo-Confucianism - prolific writer, maintained a deep commitment to Confucian values- proper personal behavior and social harmony -wrote //Family Rituals// about instructions for weddings, funerals, veneration of ancestors, and other family ceremonies -believed individuals should play proper roles in both family and in the larger society and that academic and philosophical investigations were important for practical affairs - argued that the two elements //li// (similar to Plato's Forms or Ideas that defines the essence of the being) and //qi// (its material form) accounted for all physical being D. Neo-Confucianism ranked as an important cultural development for two reasons; 1. it illustrated the deep influence of Buddhism in Chinese society- even though Buddhism was rejected as a faith 2. influenced east Asia thought over a very long time ( including Korea, Vietnam, and Japan) - neo-confucianism shaped philosophical, political, and moral thought for half a millennium and more

Chinese Influence in East India VK
-chinese society influenced the development on neighboring lands -chinese armies invaded Korean and Vietnam and merchants established commerical relations with Japan, Korea, and Vietnam -these lands remained distinctive identities with own cultural traditions but drew deep inspiration from Chinese examples and bulit societies that reflected their participation in a larger east Asian society revolving around China

1. Korea and Veitnam VK
A. chinese armies ventured into Korea and Vietnam on campaigns of imperial expansion as early as the Qin and Han dynasties - as the Han dynasty weakened, aristocrats movements forced the Chinese from both lands -during powerful Tang dynasty, Chinese resources once again enabled military authorities to mount large-scale campaigns B. during seventh century, Tang armies conquered much of Korea -native Silla dynasty rallied to prevent Chinese domination, both dynasties agreed to a political compromise- Chinese forces withdrew from Korea and the Silla king recognized the Tang emperor as his overlord -Korea had a tributary relationship with China- envoys of the Silla king delivered gifts to Chinese emperors - in return, Korea received more valuable gifts than they gave the chinese - the opened the door for Korean merchants to trade in China C. China greatly influenced Korea -Silla kings built a new capital of Kumsong that modeled after the Tang capital at Chang'an - started to use chinese religious and education D. China and Korea still differed in many respects -Korea never established a bureaucracy E. Chinese and Vietnam relations were much more tense than with Korea -when Tang armies ventured into the land, they encounteredd spirited resistance on the part of the Viet people -Tang forces soon won control of Viet towns and cities and tried to absorb the Viets into the Chinese society -Viets readily adopted Chinese agriculture methods, irrigation systems, and administration techniques-like Confucianism -Vietnamese authorities even entered into a tributary relationship with the Chinese court -Viets resented Chinese efforts to dominate the southern land and mounted a series of revolts against China -as Tang dynasty fell during the early 10th century, Viets won their independence and successfully resisted later Chinese efforts at imperial expansion to the south

2.Early Japan VK
A. Chinese armies never invaded Japan but still greatly influenced Japanese political and cultural development B.earliest inhabitants were nomadic peoples from northeast Asia -language, material culture, and religion derived from their parent society in northeast Asia -other nomadic people from Korea intoduced cultivation of rice, bronze and iron metallurgy, and horses to Japan -as population increased, states were created and ruled small regions of the land C. Japan was greatly influenced by China but still remained different -they apdopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs but still maintained the religion of Shinto D. the emperors of the Heian period of Japan were mostly figureheads and did not really "rule" - power was in the Fujiwara family- an aristocrat clan that controlled affairs from behind the throne through its influence over the imperial house and manipulation of its members -because of this, when emperors died or changed, it did affect the government, imperial rule stayed strong E. Japanese literature and records were written in Chinese and Japanese writing had some Chinese characters F.women did not learn Chinese writing therefore women made the most notable contributions to literature in Japan - //The Tale of Genji// by Murasaki Shikibu offers a mediation on the passing of time and the sorrows that time brings to sensitive human beings- one of the most remarkable literary works in the Japanese writing (Murasaki did not know Chinese writing) G. the Japanese countryside underwent fundamental changes that brought an end to the Heian court and its refined society - equal-field-system gradually fell to disuse H. aristocratic clans accumulated most of the islands' lands into vast estates- The Taira and the Minamoto clans in particular -in 1185 the two clans engaged in war and the Minamoto emerged victorious I. the Minamoto claimed to rule the land in the name of the emperor -installed clan leader as "shogun"- a military governer who ruled in place of the emperor -established the seat of their government at Kamakura(near modern Tokyo) while the imperial court remained at Kyoto -for most of the next four centuries, one branch or another of the Minamoto clan dominated political life in Japan

3.Medieval Japan SP
a.The Kamakura and Muromachi periods are referred to as the medieval period of Japan b. In these times Japan developed a decentralized political order -In w which ovinicial lord ruled over local regions c.The Japanese valured miliarty talent and discipline d.The sammurai (mounted warrior) was the key role in Japanese political and military affairs e.The sammurai served the provinical lords of Japan f. Japan borrowed confucian values, Buddhist religion, writing system, and the ideal of centralized rule from China -These also influenced Japan later on in history


 * Timeline Chapter 15 -VK **


 * 589-618 || Sui dynasty (China) ||
 * 602-664 || Life of Xuanzang ||
 * 604-618 || Reign of Sui Yangdi ||
 * 618-907 || Tang dynasty (China) ||
 * 627-649 || Reign of Tang Taizong ||
 * 669-935 || Silla dynasty (Korea) ||
 * 710-794 || Nara period (Japan) ||
 * 755-757 || An Lushan's rebellion ||
 * 794-1185 || Heian period (Japan) ||
 * 875-884 || Huang Chao's rebellion ||
 * 960-1279 || Song dynasty (China) ||
 * 960-976 || Reign of Song Taizu ||
 * 1024 || First issuance of government-sponsored paper money ||
 * 1130-1200 || Life of Zhu Xi ||
 * 1185-1333 || Kamakura period (Japan) ||
 * 1339-1573 || Muromachi period (Japan) ||

Chapter 18
-Never formed a single, homogeneous group but, rather, organized themselves in clans. -These clan soften fought bitterly. Nomadic Economy and Society -Herded grazing animals to take advantage of the ecological conditions. -Often traded with settled peoples. -Because of their mobility and familiarity with the land they led and organized caravans across the Silk Roads -Nomadic society had two social classes: nobles and commoners. -Nobles could pass down nobility to heirs, but the heirs could lose their nobility. -Commoners could gain nobility by high achievements and courageous behavior during warfare. -Turkish religion revolved around shamans--religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers, communicated with the gods, invoked divine aid, and informed their companions of their gods' will. -Many Turks had converted to Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, or Manichaeism by the sixth century C.E. -The amount of trade and the newly adopted religions helped the Turkish peoples develope a written script. -In the tenth century Turks living near the Abbasid empire began to turn to Islam. -This was very significant because once the Turks began to migrate into settled societies in large numbers, they helped to spread Islam to new lands, particularly Anitolia and Northern India. -Khans ruled, but indirectly, as they led the leaders of allied tribes. Turkish empires in Persia, Anatolia, and India -From about the mid-eighth to mid-tenth century, Turkish peoples lived mostly on the borders of the Abbasid empire, due to trade. -By mid to late tenth century, large numbers of Saljuq Turks served in Abbasid armies and lived in the Abbasid realm. -By the mid-eleventh century the Saljuqs overshadowed the Abbasid caliphs and in 1055 the caliph recognized the Saljuq leader as sultan (chieftain). -The Turks turned their attention to Anatolia next, the breadbasket of the Byzantium empire. -Led by the Saljuqs, they conquered the Byzantine army at Manzikert. -After this, Turks were able to come into Anatolia almost at will. -Mahmud of Ghazni led the Turkish Ghaznavids of Afghanistan in raids on lucrative sites in northern India. -Originally their goal was plunder, but this gradually changed into permanent rule. -By the thirteenth century, the Turkish sultanate of Delhi claimed authority over all of India. -The Sultans in India had an enormous army with large elephant corps, but these forces enabled them to hold onto their territory rather than to expand the empire. -Mahmud of Ghazni was a zealous foe of Buddhism and Hinduism, and he launched frequent raids on temples, shrines, and monasteries. -They encouraged conversion to Islam and enabled it to be established in northern India. -Although these conquests were the greatest by nomads the world had ever seen it was only a prelude to an astonishing round of empire building launched by the Mongols during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. I. The Mongols Empires a. Lived in high steppe lands of Asia b. 13th century, Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan) c. Forged Mongal tribes; powerful alliance, largest empire in world d. Realm dissolved into smaller empires; closer contact with Eurasia 1. Chinggis Khan and the Making of the Mongal Empire a. Temujin, born 1167, prominent warrior b. When ten, rivals poisoned his father c. Led a precarious existance; poverty, eluded enemies, improsened A. Chinggis Khan's Rise to Power a. 12th century, made alliance and mastered steppe diplomacy b. Strengthened his position; alliances, conquering, backstabbing c.1206, brought Mongal tribes into single confederation d. Supremacy proclaimed 'Chinggis Khan' (universal ruler) B. Mongol Political Organization a. Policies greatly strengthened the Mongol people b. Broke up tribes, forced military units, high military and political officials; talents and loyalty c. Established capital: Karakorum (Har Horin) d. Represented Mongol authority; Policies were stronger and less troublesome e. Army institution; magnified power of small population C. Mongol Arms a. Equestrian skills; honed hunting skills b. Archery; Short enough for horseback, stiff arrows c. Mobility; could travel 62 miles a day d. Psychological warefare; generous treatment or ruthless slaughtering e. Attacked various Turkish peoples, central Asia f. Central Asia; protected from nomadic leaders challenges D. Mongol Conquest of Northern China a. 1127- by nomadic Jurchen people; Song dynasty in southern China b. 1211- Invaded Jurchen realm; frequent powerful raids.....1215- Khanbaliq; Mongol capital in China c. Controlled most northern China in 1220; Continued fighting until 1234 E. Mongol Conquest of Persia a. 1218- sought open trade and diplomatic relations with the Khwarazm shah b. shah ordered to murder Mongols; a year later Mongols returned to seek revenge c. Pursued to an island in Caspian Sea; shattered his army and seized control d. Wreaked destruction on new land; massacring many thousands people, destroyed qanat and agriculture e. 1227- Chinggis Khan died; laid foundation of vast empire f. No central government; assigned overlords 2. The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan a. Heirs divided into four regional empires; Khanate of Chagatai (central Asia), Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia), Khanate of the Great Khan (China), Ilkhanate of Persia (Persia) b. Ambition fuled constant tension between the four khans A. Khubilai Khan a. Consolidation of Mongol rule in China; Chinggis Khan's grandsons b. Most talented; unleasehd attacks, worried about culture, improve welfare c. Promoted Buddhism; support for Daoists, Muslims, Christians d. Marco Polo, praised him for his generosity toward realm e. 1294- died; from 1264-1294 presided over the height of Mongol empire B. Mongol Conquest of Southern China a. Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all of China b. Relentleslsy attacked Song dynasty in southern China c. Song capital, Hangzhou, fell in 1276 d. Established Yuan dynasty, 1279, until collapse of China in 1368 e. Couldn't conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, and Burma f. 1274, 1281 attempted Japan, ruined by typhoons g. 1281- destroyed 4500 Mongol vessels, 100000+ troops; largest seaborne expedition before WWII C. The Golden Horde a. Overran Russia between 1237-1241; expeditons to Poland, Hungary, eastern Germany in 1241 and 1242 b. Steppes north of Black Sea; pastureland, large army, mounted raids into Russia c. Maintained hegemondy in Russia until mid 15th century; princes of Moscow rejected its authority, built powerful Russian state D. The Ilkhanate of Persia a. Khubilai's brother, Hulegu, toppled Abbasid empire b. 1258- captured Baghdad after brief siege; massacred 200000+ residents c. From Persia, ventured to Syria; Muslims from Egypt placed limit on expansion in southwest d. Discovered the need of govenors as well as conquerors e. Difficult time adjusting; conquests fell beyond reach within a century E. Mongol Rule in Persia a. Persians served as ministers, provincial governors, and state officials b. Mongols allowed; delivered tax receipts and maintained order c. Over time, assimilated to Persian culture; gravitated towards Islam d. 1295- Ilkhan Ghazan publicly converted to Islam e. Sparked massacres fo Christians and Jews; Absoprtion of Mongols into Muslim Persian society F. Mongol Rule in China a. Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and chinese, Chinese learning Mongol language b. Extermination--> Extract as much revenue from Chinese subjects c. Brought foreign administrators into China to put in charge; Arabs, Persians, Europeans d. Dismantled Confucian education and examination system e. Tolerated Daoism, Buddhism, Christiantiy; Allowed construction of religious buildings G. The Mongols and Buddhism a. Enticed by Lamaist school of Buddhism in Tibet b. Lamaist Budddhism resembled Mongols' shamanism, recognized Mongols as legit rulers, Mongols' favor 3. The Mongols and Eurasion Integration a. Brought tremendous destruction to Eurasian landmass b. Encouraged travel and communication over long distances c. Facilitated trade, diplomatic travel, missionary efforts, movements of people A. The Mongols and Trade a. Worked to secure trade routes and ensure safety b. Khans fought amongst selves, maintained good order though c. Elaborate courier network had relay stations; improved long distance trading B. Diplomatic Missions a. The four Khans maintained close communications by diplomatic embassies b. Had dealings with rulers of Korea, Vietnam, India, and western Europe c. Authorities traveled great distances seeking allies, and ambassador duties c. Missionary Efforts a. Sufi missionaries; popularized Islam amond Turks in central Asia, Lamaist Buddhism from Tibet attracted Mongols b. Nestrian Christians and Roman Catholic Christians had missionary campaigns in China D. Resettlement a. Mongols needed skilled artisans and educated individuals from other places; expanding empire b. Moved the talented to other regions; services were needed and useful c. Uighur Turks, clerks, secretaries, and administrators, soldiers; Arab and Persian Muslims prominent as well d. Sent specialized people, from captured, to Karakorum; soldiers, bodyguards, administrators, secretaries, translators, physicians, armor makers, metalsmiths, miners, carpenteres, masons, textile workers, musicians, jewelers e. Specialized workers became permanent residents; shipped abroad 4. Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China A. Collapse of the Ilkhanate a. After Khubilai, difficulties arose governing Persia and China b. Persia- excessive spending reduced revenue (ilkhan'spaper money; total fail) c. Factional struggles plagued Mongol leadership d. Death of Ilkhan Ghazan, 1304; collapsed after no heirs left B. Decline of Yuan Dynasty a. Paper money, introduced in Tang and Song dynasties, lost value b. China- Attracted attention of warriors; assassinations and war convulsed Mongol regime c. Bubonic Plague a. Expedited spread of bubonic plague; late 1330's, erupted in southwestern China b. Killed half or more of exposed population; labor shrotages weakened Mongol regime c. 1340's- southern China hotbed for peasant rebellion d. 1368- Rebel forces captured Khanbaliq, Mongols returned to the steppes D. Surviving Mongol Khanates a. Khanate of Chaghatai prevailed in central Asia; posed threat to northwestern China b. The Golden Horde continued to dominate lands north of Black and caspian Sea until mid 16th century; Russia c. Mongols in Russia threatened until 18th century II. After the Mongols a. Mongol strength waned, Turkish people resumed expansive campaigns b. Tamerlane, rival of Chinggis Khan, influenced the Mughal empire (India), Safavid empire (Persia), Ottoman empire (Anatolia) 1. Tamerlane the Whirlwind A. The Lame Conqueror a. Collapse of Mongol; China to Ming dynasty Persia to Timur-i lang (english- Tamerlane) b. 1336 near Samarkand, Chinggis Khan as model; charismatic leader, courageous warrior c. 1360's- eliminated rivals 1370- extended authority throughout khanate of Chaghatai, set capital as Samarkand B. Tamerlane's Conquests a. First turned to Persia and Afghanistan, established authority to levy taxes on trade and agriculture b. Next attacked Golden Horde; mid 1930's, weakened it c. End of 14th century, invaded northern India; campaigned along Ganges River d. 1404- began preparations for invasion of China; fell ill and died in 1405 e. No imperial administration; ruled through allied tribal leaders f. Relied on existing bureaucratic structures to receive tax and tributes C. Tamerlane's Heirs a. Sons and grandsons engaged bitter conflicts; divided into four main regions b. Early 16th century; Mughal, Safavid, Ottoman empires replaced by Turkish Muslim legacy 2. The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire a. Early stages of Ottoman expansion predated Tamerlane; shows influence of nomadic people A. Osman a. Large number of Turks migrated from central Asia to Anatolia and Persia b. Osman, charismatic leader, northwest Anatolia late 13th, early 14th century c. Claimed independecne in 1299 from Saljuq of Byzantine empire; attracted followers, called Osmanlis or Ottomans B. Ottoman Conquests a. 1350's- established foothold across Dardanelles at Gallipoli in the Balkan peninsula from the Turkish b. 1380's- Ottomans became most powerful people in Balkan penninsuale; poised to capture Constantinople and take over Byzantine empire c. 1402- Tamerlane's forces crushed Ottoman army, delayed Ottoman expansion in Byzantine realm d. 1440's- Ottomans recovered balance, begun to expand in the Byzantine empire once again C. The Capture of Constantinople a. 1453- Sultan Mehmed II, Mehmed the Conqueror, captured Byzantine capital of Constantinople b. Changed name to Istanbul, Turkish c. 1480- Ottomans controlled all of Greece and Balkan region d. 16th century, expanded to southwest Asia, southeastern Europe, north Africa
 * Turkish Migrations and Imperial Expansion**

Chapter 18 Timeline -VK

 * 1055 || Tughril Beg named sultan ||
 * 1071 || Battle of Manzikert ||
 * 1206-1227 || Reign of Chinggis Khan ||
 * 1211-1234 || Mongol conquest of northern China ||
 * 1219-1221 || Mongol conquest of Persia ||
 * 1237-1241 || Mongol conquest of Russia ||
 * 1258 || Mongol conquest of Baghdad ||
 * 1264-1279 || Mongol conquest of southern China ||
 * 1264-1294 || Reign of Khubilai Khan ||
 * 1279-1368 || Yuan dynasty ||
 * 1295 || Conversion of Ilkhan Ghazan to Islam ||
 * 1336-1405 || Life of Tamerlane ||
 * 1453 || Ottoman capture of Constantinople ||


 * 5 Themes **

-China relied on trade for their economy -Yang Jian of the Sui dynasty had a very disciplined political structure like that of Qin Shihuangdi -The Sui dynasty placed enormous demands on their subjects in the course of building a strong, centralized government. -Tang Taizong had 3 major policies that helped keep China during his reign prosperous. -Territorially, the Tang empire ranks among the largest in Chinese history. -Tang dynasty had tributary relationships with neighboring lands in order to keep economy up and maintain stable diplomatic order. -Song dynasty had a deep mistrust of military advisors and officials -Song dynasty had centralized administration that placed military forces under tight supervision. -Because of this it's military was weaker and nomadic peoples flourished on China's northern border. -The Song dynasty benefited from a remarkable series of agricultural, technological, industrial, and commercial developements that transformed China into an economic powerhouse of Eurasia. -By 1200 C.E. it's population was 115 million people. -China was the most urbanized land in the world during the Song dynasty. -Nomadic people's herded grazing animals to take advantage of oases in the arid climate. -Khan's ruled, but rather indirectly, through the leaders of allied tribes -Genghis Khan built the largest empire the world has ever seen. -Assigned Mongol overlords to supervise local administrators and to extract a generous tribute for the Mongol's own uses.
 * 1. Economics and Politics TVT **
 * 1) Maintenance of a well articulated transportation and communications network
 * 2) Distribution of land according to the principles of the equal-field system
 * 3) Reliance on a bureaucracy based on merit

-The Chinese built canals for transportation and for trade -Used fast-ripening rice -heavy iron plows -porcelain -Irrigation sytems -Iron and steel metallurgy -gunpowder -printing -Male guardians or husbands had control of women -Binding of women's feet in China -Janese women did not learn Chinese writing- therefore are responsible for much of the Japanese literature -China greatly influence much or Korea, Vietnam, and Japanese societies - Confucianism lost popularity to Buddhism in China -introduction of neo-confucianism -Korean nomads introduced cultivation of rice, bronze and iron metallurgy, and horses to Japan
 * 2. Technology and Environmental Adaptions **
 * 3. Social and Gender Advancement **
 * 4. Cultural and Intellectual Developments **

-Japanese had provincial lords who ruled over local reigns but they seeked centralized power -China had centralized power -Japan had the sammurai China became the center of agricultural and industrial production due to the influence of the Tang and Song dynasties China linked regions in the eastern hemisphere due to trading. Agricultural prosperity brought a huge population, powerful military. -JN -China conquered and were overheads of much of surrounding area
 * 5. The Effectiveness of the State **