The+Atlantic+Slave+Trade+(706-712)+2

= The Atlantic Slave Trade and The African Diaspora (706-718) =

Foundations of trade - Africa Human Cargoes - The early slave trade - Triangular Trade - The Middle Passage
 * Slavery became common in Africa after Bantu migrants spread agriculture to all parts of the continent
 * [[image:apworldhistorywiki/252097_258327497511707_100000033755778_1152269_6266013_n.jpeg width="432" height="288"]][[image:apworldhistorywiki/252046_258327174178406_100000033755778_1152261_5507677_n.jpeg width="432" height="288"]]
 * Most African slaves came from being prisoners of war, although others were criminals or delinquents
 * Owner could make slaves do anything
 * They had the power to punish and sell however they saw fit
 * Slaves usually worked far from their homes as farmers
 * Some were administrators, soldiers, or highly placed individuals
 * Some owners made slaves part of the family so they could be free and have money after their owners died
 * Many slave traders brought slaves to Portuguese too
 * Planters from São Tome called for large quantities of slaves.
 * By 1520, 2,000 slaves went there every year
 * Spanish explorers and conquerors also looked for slaves to work in American and Europe
 * In 1518 the first shipment of slaves from West Africa to the Caribbean set sail
 * In the Caribbean they worker on sugar plantations
 * In 1520 slaves travelled to Mexico
 * Ships always went in 3 legs
 * 1st leg = horses
 * 2nd leg = slaves
 * Slaves were sometimes taken right from their homes
 * Was always inhumane
 * [[image:apworldhistorywiki/223028_258329690844821_100000033755778_1152290_4304204_n.jpeg width="407" height="670"]]
 * Held in holding pens until sold
 * [[image:apworldhistorywiki/283041_258327437511713_100000033755778_1152268_3848137_n.jpeg width="263" height="574"]][[image:apworldhistorywiki/285410_258329414178182_100000033755778_1152284_3926071_n.jpeg width="647" height="431"]]
 * Transatlantic journey on the ships below deck (what you think of as slavery)
 * Usually could sit upright but not always
 * Never could stand
 * Tried to revolt or starve
 * Crew plied the mouths open of those who tried to starve
 * 4-6 weeks
 * 50% mortality rate
 * ¼ did not survive overall

MS


 * __ The Impact of Slave Trade in Africa __**
 * Volume of the Slave Trade
 * 2,000 slaves left Africa in 15th-16th century; 17th century rose to 20,000/year as Europeans settled in western hemisphere; 18th century: 50,000/year; highest point over 100,000 in 1780's
 * overall Atlantic slave trade brought over 12 million slaves to western hemisphere
 * 4 million or more died in captivity or resisting seizure before arriva
 * Rwanda, Bugunda (on great lakes); Masai, Tukana (East Africa) escaped slave trade
 * resisted and distant from major slave ports
 * some societies flourished from slave trade
 * took captives and sold slaves to Europeans
 * coordinated trade with European merchants from port cities and states (Asante, Dahomey, Oyo)
 * Social Effects of the Slave Trade
 * suffered serious losses
 * 16 million from Atlantic slave trade
 * several million from Islamic slave trade also during this er
 * those close to port cities most vulnerable and weak
 * slavers preferred young men (14-35 yrs) distorted sex ratios: 18th century 2/3 Angola female-had to take on roles of men
 * Political Effects of the Slave Trade
 * ======17th century violence broke out over increasingly exchanging slaves for European firearms======
 * ======Dahomey traded for firearms, captured more slaves and traded them for more firearms- became slave-raiding force======
 * not all societies took advantage like Dahomey
 * FC**

** The African Diaspora: the dispersal of African peoples and their descendents **
1. Cash Crops 2. Regional Differences 3. Resistance to slavery 4. Slave Revolts: most dramatic form of resistance 5. Slavery and Economic Development
 * __A. Plantation Societies__**
 * Spanish started the first plantations in 1516 in Hispaniola (present day Haiti/Dominican Republic)
 * by the early 17th century, English, Dutch, French, and Portugese plantations
 * sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee
 * maintained food for locals, but the purpose of the plantations were to profit from production and export of commercial crops
 * Caribbean and South America
 * many slaves caught disease and died from them (malaria and yellow fever)
 * brutal working conditions, low nutrition and sanitation
 * mostly male slaves; no reproduction for slave families
 * North America
 * less than 5% of slaves came here
 * better living conditions than in the Caribbean
 * mostly female slaves; allowed for encouragement to produce a family of slaves
 * slaves would work slowly for owners' gardens, but quickly in their own gardens
 * sabotaged plantation equipment or work routines
 * sometimes would even run away
 * Maroons: runaway slaves; built own self-governing communities, raided nearby plantations, organized slaves into effective military forces
 * often resulted in widespread death and destruction
 * almost never resulted in abolishing slavery
 * Saint-Dominigue slaves: group of slaves working for the French who succeeded in abolishing slavery as an insistution in 1703. This community later seperated themselves from France and became Haiti (1804)
 * slave labor cultivated many of the crops and mined many of the minerals that made their way around the global trade network during the early modern era
 * JB**

**__The Making of African-American Cultural Traditions__**
 * African and Creole Languages
 * European languages were dominant in w. hemisphere; African languages influenced communication
 * slaves from many tribes; lacked common language
 * African slaves often spoke a creole language
 * language was developed from blending of several African and European languages
 * African-American Religions
 * some slaves were already Christian or converted to Christianity
 * most African/African-Americans practiced a syncretic faith that made room for African interests and traditions
 * ex: Vodou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, Candomble in Brazil
 * all the religions drew inspiration from Christianity
 * met in parish churches, wanted personal salvation, made use of Christian items like holy water, candles, statues
 * associated African deities with Christian saints; relied on African rituals - drumming, dancing, sacrificing animals
 * believed in spirits and supernatural powers - magic, witchcraft, sorcery
 * African-American Cultural Traditions
 * slaves introduced African foods to the Caribbean and American societies
 * introduced rice cultivation to tropical/subtropical regions
 * built houses, fashioned clay pots, wove grass baskets

=**HT**=
 * __The End of Slave Trade and Abolition of Slavery__**
 * Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)[[image:apworldhistorywiki/220px-EquianoExeterpainting.jpg align="right" caption="Olaudah Equiano"]]
 * American and French revolutions encouraged ideals of freedom and equality
 * some slaves tried to do the same by writing books that showed the brutality of slavery
 * most notable was Olaudah Equiano
 * 1789 - published an autobiography detailing his experiences as a slave and a free man
 * captured at 10 years old, worked as slave in West Indies, Virginia, Pennsylvania, bought his freedom in 1766
 * book became best seller, traveled throughout British Isles giving speeches
 * The Economic Costs of Slavery
 * slave labor didn't come cheap
 * revolts made slavery expensive - had to maintain expensive military forces
 * Caribbean sugar production led to declining prices, African slave traders and European merchants had to increase prices for slaves
 * manufacturing industries became more profitable than slave labor
 * Africa became a market rather than a source of slave labor
 * End of Slave Trade
 * 1803 - Denmark abolished trade in slaves and other lands eventually followed
 * 1807 - Great Britain
 * 1808 - United States
 * 1814 - France
 * 1817 - Netherlands
 * 1845 - Spain
 * didn't abolish slavery itself; as long as plantation slavery continued, slaves were still shipped across the Atlantic
 * British naval squadrons helped stop this by patrolling the west coast of Africa conducting search and seizure operations
 * The Abolition of Slavery
 * emancipation of all slaves came in 1833 in British colonies
 * 1848 in French colonies
 * 1865 in United States
 * 1886 in Cuba
 * 1888 in Brazil
 * slavery officially no longer existed but millions of people still live in various forms of servitude today