A+-+New+Ways+of+Thinking+Emerge

= **New Ways of Thinking (260-264)** = **By: Tessa Tramp, Sara Steinauer, Breeanna Burkinshaw, Megan May** **__Key Terms:__** __Utilitarianism__: The idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its people.

large businesses that produce and distribute goods.
__Communism:__ Class struggles was inevitable and would lead to creation of classless societies owned by the community as a  whole. __Proletariat:__ Working class __Social democracy:__ Marx beliefs adapted by Germany in the 1860's; political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system.

**__Key People:__** __Thomas Malthus:__ British economist, who saw the effect of the population explosion. __Jeremy Bentham:__ a British philosopher and economist who was advocating utilitarianism. __Robert Owen:__ Utopian man, who grew up as a poor Welsh boy, became a successful mill owner. __Karl Marx:__ (1840) German philosopher, saw the Utopians as an unrealistic idealism, and created the "Scientific Socialism".

**__Laissez-Faire Economics:__**
After careful study Thomas Malthus published an //Essay on the Principle Population// in 1798. He concluded that poverty was unavoidable because the population was increasing faster than food supply. Malthus was one of the many thinkers who tried to understand the staggering changes taking place in the early Industrial Ages. As heirs to the Enlightenment, these thinkers looked for natural laws that governed the world of business and economics. During the Enlightenment, phsiocrats argued that natural laws should be allowed to operate wihtout interference. In the early 1800s, middle-class business leaders embraced the Laissez-Faire, or "Hands- Off" approach. Adam Smith was the main propponet of Laissez. Smith asserted that a free market would come to help everyone, not just the rich. More goods at lower prices, growing economy would encourage capitalists to reinvest profits in new ventures. Also a Laisserz-Faire economist, Thomas Malthus predidcted that population would outpace the food suply. As long As long as popoulation kept increasing, the poor would suffer.During the 1800s, many people accepted Malthus's bleak view as the factory system changed people's life styles for the worse. Although the population boom continue, the food supply grew even faster. As the century progressed, living conditions for the Western world slowly increased, and people began having fewer children. 1900s population growth was no longer a problem. They had no hope for the working class to get out of poverty, and famlies had to have more children so they could work and help provide for the family. Ricardo and Marthus refused to let the government help in assisting the poor. David Ricardo was a British laissez-faire economist, and he dedicated himself to economic studies, and didn't have hope for the working class to get out of poverty. Since wages were high families were having more children. Ricardo and Malthus opposed government help for the poor and they didn't think the answer to poverty was government relief. They thought it was the " Laws of the free market".

__Checkpoint Question:__ Explain the response to laissez-fair economics during the nineteenth century? They had no hope for the working class to get out of poverty. Also familes had more kids, and Ricardo and Mathus refused government help for the poor.

**__Utilitarians For Limited Government__**:
This was a time of when there was a diverse amount of thinkers who modified laissex-faire doctrines. By the 1800, British philosopher and economist Jeremy Ben tham was advocating utilitarianism which is the idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number". He Thought all of the actions should be judged by their unit, and supported individual freedom, but need government in  certain situations. His ideas influenced the British philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill. He wanted  the government to help improve the lives of the working class. Since the factory owners we suppose to  be happier they did so by in a way that would harm workers and women. In the later 1800's, his views  were accepted by society.

__Checkpoint Question:__ What did Stuart Mill see as the proper role of government? He believed the government should step in and improve the hard lives of the working class.

__Owen's Utopia:__
Poverty of the industrial age didn't go well with Robert Owen, he believed that there was a way he could change society for the better so he set up the cotton mill. He reduced working hours, build homes for workers, started a school for children, and opened a complex store where workers could buy food and clothes. The complex fell into decline, but visitors can still visit the village to this day.

__**Socialists Thought Emerges:**__
This was a time period when capitalism was condemmned because the people believed that it had created a hole between the rich and the poor classes. therefore, socialism was created in order to end the spike of poverty that sat in society. Socialism ideas came from the ideas of Enlightenment faith; basic goodness of human nature and its concern for social justice. Many communities of socialists began to establish small communities where work was shared and property in that territory was owned through the people in the commons. Among these small societies, the theory of Utopians was brought forth, this theory stated that when there was no difference between the rich and the poor, fighting would disappear, and there would be an abundance of peace throughout the nation.The response to this theory drifted among the people, and many people called them the "impractical dreamers". Robert Owen, a utopian himself, set up a model community in New Lanark, Scottland, to put his own ideas on Utopianism into practice. Owen grew up as a poor Welsh boy, only to grow up to be a successful mill owner, even without the use of child labor, in which he campaigned for the society laws to limit child labor and to encourage laber unions.

__Checkpoint Question:__ What did early socialist believe?

**__Karl Marx Explains Class Struggles:__**
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, who brought forth the idea of sicentific socialism. Marx and his partner Friedrich Engels, together wrote the Communists Manifesto in 1848; the point of this pamphlet was to make society aware of communism. This book described how the economics in society was the driving force of history itself, meaning that theere was a history of struggles between the classes, over the control and power of wealth. Marx despised captialism and routed for the proletariats, prediciting their triumphant victory.

**__Marxism in the Future:__**
Marxism began to gain popularity around the world, Leaders from reform movements adapted the idea that power should be held by workers rather than business owners. During the 1860's Germany adapted Marx's beliefs and formed a socia democracy, a political ideology in which there is a gradual transition instead of a sudent violent overthrow of the system. By the late 1800's russian socialists also embraced marxism and by the 1900's came along several countries had adapted Marx's ideas to fit the needs of their county. Leaders from Asia, Latain America, and Africa also turned to Marxism.People began to find flaws in Marxism and his predictions that workers would unite across borders to wage a class warfare didn't happen; Instead nationalism won out over working class loyalty and most people felt htat they had stronger ties to their country. By the end o fthe 20th century almost every econamy had elements of free-market capitalism.

__Checkpoint Question:__ How accurate did Marx's prediction prove to be? -Marx's predictions ended up not accurate because people began to feel that they had stronger ties to their rather than other countries and he predicted they would unite across borders.

**__Other Resources:__**
[|//__http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/325515?terms=new+ideas+in+the+industrial+revolution__//] The **//Communist Manifest//** was published in 1848, in order to inform the people of the Industrial Revolution about the new idea of communism and how it could save their society from labor unions. Power would be contained and controlled within a community, not singled out to individuals. [|//__http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=SUIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE|K1631000593&mode=view__//] Jeremey Bentham was the son of a prestigious lawyer in Houndsditch, close to London. Bentham was an Utilitarianist, and attacked the notion that that a social contract could have a legal basis. His theory that right or good produces pleasure, and evil leads to pain, was widely spread among this time in the Industrial Revolution period. transition. government, own and operate businesses. **Means of Production** are farms, factories, railroads, and other large businesses. Thomas Malthus is best known for his writings Laissez-faire economists believed ** a free market ** "The greaest happiness for the greatest number" is a focus of ** Utilitarianism. ** Robert Owen was a Utopian who supported
 * __ Section 4 Quiz Packet: __**
 * Karl Marx ** saw history as a series of classs struggles.
 * Social Democracy ** is a political ideology of a gradual
 * Proletariat ** is the working class.
 * Socialism ** is a system in which the people, not the
 * about population and food supply. **
 * would help everyone. **
 * Laber unions. **

Two goals of communism are to ** end capitalism; **
 * create a classless society. **