B+-+New+Ways+of+Thinking+Emerge

=New Ways of Thinking (260-264)=

====**Summary:** The Industrial Revolution, took place from the 18th to 19th centuries. It was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrializationmarked a shift in Socaity and thinking partly because of th e poor standards of living for some. ====


 * Jeremy Bentham - ** British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism

Socialism - radical solution to end poverty and injustice
 * Utilitarianism - ** idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greater number”


 * Means of Production - ** the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and/or distribute goods


 * Robert Owen- ** became a successful mill owner but refused and fought child labor and encouraged organization of labor unions


 * Karl Marx- ** German philosopher, condemned ideas of utopians. Formed scientific socialism. based on scientific study of history.


 * Communism - ** form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx in which an inevitable struggle between classes would end and make a classless society


 * Proletariat - ** working class


 * Social Democracy - ** political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden and violent change in the system


 * Econimianism: **


 * People of importance **


 * Thomas Malthus: **


 * Said poverty was inevitable because population was growing faster than the food supply
 * Said population was controlled by natural methods, being disease, war, and famine
 * Promoted poorer families to have fewer children and urged people to not give to charity or give out vaccines
 * An economist
 * Wrote an essay named An Essay on the Principle of Population
 * Tried to understand changes during the industrial age [[image:adam smith.jpg width="116" height="186" align="right"]]
 * Most of his theories were wrong, except for fewer children for poorer families and the food supply and population.


 * Adam Smith **
 * Proponent in laissez-faire economics
 * Wrote the wealth of nations
 * Asserted that a free market (unregulated exchange of goods and services) would help everyone
 * Said free market would produce more goods at a lower price. [[image:240px-Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg width="139" height="232" align="right"]]


 * David Ricardo **
 * ====British laissez faire economist====
 * ====Did not think the working class would escape poverty====
 * ====Opposed any government help for the poor====
 * ====Believed the best cure for poverty was free market====

> > ====circumstances.====
 * Jeremy Bentham **
 * ====Advocating Utilitarianism (activities provide more pleasure than pain)====
 * ====Said individual freedom is guaranteed happiness, but still said the government should be involved in certain====

>
 * John Stuart Mill **
 * ====Influenced by Jeremy Bentham====
 * ====Believed in individual freedom====
 * ====Wanted government to help the lives of the working class====
 * ====Saw proper role of government is that it prevents others from harm.====
 * ====His ideas were rejected at first, but gained popularity in the 1800's====
 * ====Today many democracies use Mill's ideas====


 * Robert Owen **
 * Utopian socialist
 * Utopian community was in New Lanark, Scotlan
 * Refused to use child labor
 * Encouraged Labor unions[[image:robtowen.jpg width="115" height="90" align="right"]]


 * Karl Marx **


 * German philosoplher
 * Condemned ideas of the Utopians
 * Formulated the theory of scientific socialism- way to describe the social-political-economic theory [[image:937px-Karl_Marx.jpg width="360" height="186" align="right"]]
 * Teamed up with Fredrich Engles
 * wrote a pamphlet called TheCommunist Manifesto in 1848
 * ====Marx and Engels created a form of socialism called communism, where there was a classless society ====
 * Marx despised capitalism and said it brought prosperity for a few and poverty for many

** Friedrich Engels **

[[image:220px-Engels.jpg width="154" height="204" align="right"]]

 * ==== German socialist ====
 * ====Worked with karl marx====
 * ====Supported communism====

**TYPES OF ECONOMICS **

**Laissez-faire economics**


 * ====Main person was adam smith====
 * ====It encouraged the free market system====
 * ====Produced more goods at a lower price====
 * ====Did not use the government no matter what====

**Utiltarianism**
 * ====Idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for its citizen====
 * ====Believed laws should provide more pleasure than pain.====
 * ====Individual freedom====
 * ====Almost always was focused on what laws would make society happy and keep it stable====
 * ====Used in some modern democracies====

**Socialism**


 * ====The society rather than individuals operate the means of production, being the farms, factories, railways and businesses that produce and distribute goods.====
 * ====Grew out of enlightenment’s faith in progress====
 * ==== Has the Utopian branch ====


 * Utopians **
 * people who established or live in colonies where property and the means of production were owned by everyone in the society.
 * there was no difference between rich and poor in these colonies


 * Communism **
 * form of socialism
 * classless society
 * all production would be owned by the community
 * everyone earns the same amount of almost everything. including land and money

Q: Explain the response to faire’s economics during the 19th century.

A: People took it fairly seriously since they actually went through with the economic plans

Q: what did stuart see as the purpose of the government?

A: To tackle the hard parts of society

Q: What did early socialists believe?

A: Means of goods should be for the public not private people

Q: What did Marx predict was the future of the proletariat?

A: He predicted that the working class would end and everyone would enter a classless society where everyone would be happy go lucky in the new system of government.

Q: How accurate did Marx’s predictions about social classes prove to be?

A: Nationalism eventually came out on top instead of his communist ideals

__ Practice quiz questions: __

Q: Who saw history as a series of class struggles?

A: G. Karl Marx

Q: What is a political ideology of a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism?

A: H. Social Democracy

Q: Who were the working class?

A: B. Proletariat

Q: What is a system in which the people, not the government, own and operate businesses?

A: D. Socialism

Q: What are farms, factories, railroads and other large businesses?

A: E. Means of production

Q: Thomas Malthus is best known for his writings about

A: A. Population and food supply

Q: Laissez-faire economists believed

A: D. Free market would help everyone

Q: “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” is a focus of

A: C. Utilitarianism

Q: Robert Owen was a Utopian who supported

A: A. Labor unions

Q: Two goals of communism are to

A: B. End capitalism; create a classless society

Links: (primarily pictures)
 * 1) __limerickwriter.wordpress.com__
 * 2) [|__www.whatiseconomics.org/adam-smith__]
 * 3) []
 * 4) [|__http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution__]
 * 5) http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~jrbhaska/worldpolitics/images/idustrialrevolution.jpg
 * 6) [|__http://files.libertyfund.org/img/JSMill-a250.jpg__]
 * 7) [|__http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/180px-Jeremy_Bentham___] by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg
 * 8) [|__http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg__]
 * 9) [|__http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/malthusian-premise-1.jpg__]
 * 10) [|__http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/robtowen.jpg__]
 * 11) [|__http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/937px-Karl_Marx.jpg__]
 * 12) [|__http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Engels.jpg/220px-Engels.jpg__]