Global+Problems+2

__ Population Pressures and Environmental Degradation __
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 * ======Last Hundred years have had vast population increase.======
 * ======As a result of agriculture, industry, science, medicine and social organizations the population rose:In developing nations the population growth exceeds 3.1%, which almost promises that the population would double within 23 years.======
 * 500 million in 1650
 * 2.5 billion 1950
 * 5.5 billion in 1994
 * 7 billion in 2012
 * Projected for 11.6 billion in 2020
 * ======Some people say that the odds of population explosion is unlikely, and that the facts and consequences are exaggerated.======
 * ======They say that it is actually receding.======
 * ======One reason is food production, although it has kept pace with the population people don't believe it can continue to keep up with the pace of growth.======
 * ======Fertility rates have also dropped over the past 20 years.======

The Planet's Carrying Capacity

 * ======How much the earth can actually hold is unknown, and a matter of debate.======
 * ======Scientist and Citizens are concerned about the physical limits of the earth.======
 * ======International economists and scientists formed the Club of Rome.======
 * ======1972 issued "The Limits to Growth"======
 * ======1992 scientists signed the document "Warning to Humanity"======

Environmental Impact

 * ====== Population increases; pollution increases, extinction of species, less natural resources ======
 * ====== Main environmental issues: biodiversity and global warming ======
 * ====== Urbanization, extension agriculture, exploitation of resources serious threats too biodiversity ======
 * ====== Extinction threatens 4500 animal species ======
 * ====== Atmospheric pollutions contributes to global warming; greenhouse gases prevent heat from leaving earth's astmosphere ======
 * ====== CH4, CO2, burning fossil fuels could lead to rise in sea levels ======
 * ======In Kyoto, 1997; 159 countries signed to cut greenhouse emissions (India and China not included)======

Population Control

 * ====== Highly politicized issue; developing countries pleaded racism against industrialized countries ======
 * ====== Luis Echeverria, Mexico, promoted births... This caused problems ======
 * ====== 80 countries adopted birth control program; UN aided many countries, promoting family planning programs ======
 * ====== China reduced birthrate with 1 child policy; resistance had religious and political motives ======

__ Economic Inequities and Labor Servitude __

 * ======Unequal distribution of resources and income materialized in contemporary world======
 * ======Europe, Africa, Latin America, and Asia in poverty; lack of basic human necessities======
 * ======Malnutrition led to starvation and death; stunts growth, poor mental development, high rates of infection======
 * ======Lack of vitamins and nutrients led to mental disorders, organ damage, vision failure======

The Causes of Poverty

 * ======Division of rich and poor; uneven distribution of resources in nations and world economy======
 * ======Economic globalization generated more wealth for developed nations======

Labor Servitude

 * ======Slavery abolished worldwide by 1960's; particularly child-labor servitude======
 * ======250 million children worldwide between ages of 5 and 14 living in environments diminishing physical health and emotional well being======
 * ======Most common in south to southeast Asia; most common resulting in agriculture, family business, sex trade, and domestic service======

Trafficking

 * ====== Growing and present global problem: trafficking of people ======
 * ====== Women and young girls lured with promises of high paying jobs, end up in sex trade: profitable but criminal generating billions of dollars annually ======

__ Global Diseases __
> ======destructive======
 * ====== Played significant role in development of human communities, dramatic and ======
 * ======Columbian exchange (Christopher Columbus) killed between 20 to 40 million people; more than result of Great War======
 * ======Scientist eradicated smallpox and diphtheria, major victories======

HIV / AIDS

 * ======AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, destruction of immune system which leads to infections resulting in death======
 * ======Contributing factors: poverty, ignorance, expensive drugs, sexual promiscuity======
 * ======First found in New York and San Francisco by homosexual men and intravenous drug ussers======
 * ======Epidemic appered in sub-Sahara Africa======
 * ======By 2003, 37.8 million people living with the infection, over 20 million dead======

AIDS in Africa

 * ======Affected children in two ways: disease infected them and left them as orphans======
 * ======Threaten to overwhelm social and economic statures of African societies, destroyed progress toward healthier continent======
 * ======Leaves burdens on those who are care takers, diminishing pool of trained workers======
 * ======No vaccine or cure, India may escalate problem in next decade======

__ Global Terrorism __

 * ======Greatest recent impact by rapid technological advances, transportation, communications and weapon development======
 * ======Grew after World War II, attempts to over throw governments through groups======

Defining Terrorism

 * ======No defined term, universal conclusion "One person's terrorist is one person's freedom fighter"======
 * ======Act of force by deliberate act of violence against civilians; mainly about religious views, political issues, ideological clashes======
 * ======Limited in size or resources, gained renewed attention on September 11th in the United States======

September 11th, 2001

 * ====== 4 hijacked planes used as guided missiles by 19 terrorists; 2 to World Trade Center, 1 White House, 1 Pentagon ======
 * ====== US launched massive investigation into Islamic militant Osama bin Laden ======
 * ====== Bush declared war on Osama bin Laden and global terrorism ======
 * ====== Head of al-Qaeda, 17th of 52 children, well known as Islamic warrior (mujahideen) in fight between Soviets and Afghans ======
 * ====== Carrying out his god's will, Osama ordered all Muslims to kill Americans "at all costs" in 1998; proclaiming jihad (holy war) ======
 * ====== Osama declared Jihad because he was angered by American presence in Saudi Arabia. ======

War in Afghanistan and Iraq

 * ======Creation of Islamic state of Afghanistan in 1996 by Taliban movement======
 * ======Strict Islamic law; dress code, media and entertainment orders, trained Islamic fighters for Osama and al-Qaeda======
 * ======Women banned from most recreational activities, male dominated society======
 * ======October 7, 2001; US forces smashed both Taliban and al-Qaeda, took over key Afghan cities: war far from over======
 * ======March 2003, launching of "Operation Iraqi Freedom", warfare on Saddam Hussein, suspected of stockpiling chemical and biological weapons======
 * ======December 30, 2006 Saddam Hussein was hanged.======

__ Coping with Global Problems: International Organizations __

 * ======​National borders become less important during global crime, private organizations increasing behind the national state======

Nongovernmental Organizations

 * ====== Prototypical NGO is Red Cross; founded by Swiss philanthropist Jean Henri Dunant, to alleviate surrfering of POW, soliders, and civilians ======
 * ====== 1864, 12 nations signed Geneva Convention, laid down rules for treatment for wounded and POW ======
 * ====== Recently Red Cross extended help to civilians during natural disasters ======
 * ====== Greenpeace- organization to environmental status of Earth and its diverse animal and plant life ======

The United Nations

 * ======Attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with any matter of humanity======
 * ======Not legislative, each country has a voice in shaping the community of nations======
 * ======Principal purpose is to maintain international peace and security======
 * ======Had times of ups and downs: war between Iran and Iraq to increasing African literacy in females======

Human Rights
> ====== Recognition of need rights after World War II, leak of Nazi regime of treating humans ======
 * ====== Nations turned attention to human rights and well being, protection of an individual from state and international law with rights ======
 * ====== 1945, fifty members pledged to achieve "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights, and fundamental freedoms" ======
 * ====== 3 years later, Universal Declaration of Human Rights was put into act; singled out violations and discrimnations ======
 * ====== 1980's, human rights emerged as global view ======
 * ====== Causes frequent arguments between nations; different stages of economic status and economic development ======