Colonial+Society+in+the+Americas+(675-681)+2

= Colonial Society in the Americas and Sugar, Slavery, Fur Trading, and Christianity and Native Religions (675-686) = LA
 * __The formation of Multicultural Societies__**
 * Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca: adventurer went to Florida in 1527
 * went with 300 others, majority died
 * migrated to New Spain, and Galveston ended up in Mexico in 1536
 * Mestizo Societies: colonies
 * Migration patterns made more diverse
 * majority of European populations were male --> formed mestizo people
 * In Brazil males married African slaves as well
 * zambos= indigenous and African slave offspring
 * Mestizos= indigenous peoples as well as the European People
 * mulattoes= Europeans and African Slaves
 * Social Hierarchy (social standings)
 * peninsulares= pure europeans, born in Europe travel to Americas
 * Criolles= peninsulares' children
 * mestizos, important to societies' funtion
 * imported slaves and conquered people
 * North American Societies--> French and English Cultures
 * more females
 * metis = French equivalent to mestizo near important fur trapping ports
 * English people didn't mingle with the indigenous people
 * racism starts

__** Magic and Agriculture in the Spanish Empire **__ CP __**Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil**__ __**Fur traders and Settlers in North Americas**__ (MM) __**Christianity and Native Religions in the Americas**__
 * greatest attraction of the Americas were metals
 * opened mines to extract the mineral wealth of the Americas in more systematic fashion.
 * Silver Mining
 * silver was most abundant american treasure
 * silver production concentrated on 2 areas:
 * the thinly populated Mexican north (Zacatecas region)
 * the cold central Andes (mines of Potosi)
 * had many indigenous laborers
 * many miners went to Zacatecas to escape disease and conquest pressures
 * they eventually became spanish speaking professional minors
 * lost touch with communities of their birth
 * Potosi had a booming population
 * Spanish prospectors adapted the Inca practice of requisitioning draft labor
 * known as the mita system
 * to recruit workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers wouldn't accept
 * every four months, 1/7 of each native village's population (males) went to work at Potosi mines
 * wages were very low
 * harsh conditions
 * death rates were high
 * many men fled mita system
 * The Global Significance of Silver
 * mining stimulated the world economy
 * silver produced profits for private investors and revenues for the royalty of that country
 * 1/5 of silver production went to government this is known as the quint
 * silver financed a powerful army and bureaucracy
 * much of the silver went well beyond Spain to lubricate the European and the larger world economies
 * European merchants traded silver for silk, spices, and porcelain in Asian markets
 * some silver went on Manila galleons
 * silver traveled throughout the world
 * The Hacienda
 * farming, stock raising, and craft production were principal occupations (apart from mining)
 * mining towns provided opportunities for cultivators, herders, and artisans
 * most prominent site for agriculture were the estates (haciendas)
 * haciendas produced food for their own use but also to be sold on the market
 * Labor Systems
 * most hacienda workers were from indigenous population
 * Encomienda system was used
 * rewarded Spanish conquerors by allowing them to exact both labor and tribute from defeated Moorish populations
 * led to rampant abuse of indigenous peoples
 * landowners overworked their laborers
 * Encomienda system gradually went out of use
 * landowners resorted to a system of debt peonage to recruit labor for their haciendas
 * landowners advanced loans to native peoples so that they could buy seeds, tools, and supplies
 * debtors repaid the loans with labor
 * wagers were low so they could never pay off their debts
 * Resistance to Spanish Rule[[image:apworldhistorywiki/tupac.jpg width="219" height="244" align="right" caption="Tupac Amaru"]]
 * indigenous people resisted
 * resistance came in the forms of rebellion, halfhearted work, and retreat into the mountains and forests where Spanish power didn't reach
 * 1680- several native groups in N. Mexico mounted a large uprising known as the Pueblo revolt.
 * revolt lead by native shaman (Popé)
 * they attacked missions, killed priests, and colonists
 * 1780- 60,000 native peoples revolted in the name of Tupac Amaru (the last of the Inca rulers)
 * Spanish people beheaded Tupac
 * 1615- Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayla fired off a 1200 page letter to King Philip III asking for protection for native peoples agaist rapacious colonists
 * Guaman Poma's complaint serves as a record of grievances against Spanish overlords.
 * wrote of men ruined by overtaxation and women driven to prostitiution
 * The dependence on sugar in Portuguese empire
 * Colonial Brazilian life revolved around the sugar mill, other wise known as Engenho
 * Combined agricultural and industrial enterprises
 * Sugar planters became the landers nobility[[image:ebsugar.gif width="239" height="485" align="right"]]
 * Growth of Slavery in Brazil
 * Brazilain Native peoples were not cultivators, farm labor was resisted
 * Small pox and Measles reduced indigenous population
 * Imported African slaves for cane and sugar production after 1530
 * There was a high death rate and low birth rate due to diseases, causing a higher demand for more slaves
 * Aproximatley one ton of sugar cost one human life
 * Sugar production was one of the most laborsome jobs at the time; extreemly hard work
 * Fur trading industry was very profitable
 * Native peoples also trapped and then tradded with the Europeans
 * Impacts of the fur trade
 * Huge enviornmental impact
 * Natives competing for resources caused many conflicts
 * European settlers and cultivators caused more serious threats to the native people
 * Cultivation of cash crops
 * Tabacco, rice, indigo
 * Later cotton production
 * Indentured labor flocked to North America in the 17th and 18th centuries
 * African Slaves replaced indentured servants in the late 17th centuries
 * Slave labor was not highly popular due to the lack of labor intensive crops
 * New England merchants participated in the slave trade
 * Distillation of Rum
 * Spanish Missionaries
 * Franciscan, Dominican, and Jesuit missionaries campaigned
 * Founded schools to educate the wealthy/prominent in Latin, Spanish, and Christian doctrine
 * Learned native languages
 * Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagun preserved volumes of information about the language, customs, beliefs, literature, and history of Mexico
 * Work remained unstudied until 20th century, but shed light on Aztec society and methods of early missionaries in Mexico
 * Survival of Native Religions
 * Missionaires encountered resistance, indigenous peoples continued to observe inherited faiths in Mexico and Peru
 * Natives honored idols in caves and mountain sites (maybe even sacrificing humans)[[image:apworldhistorywiki/Our%20Lady%20Of%20Guadalupe%201_1420.jpg width="189" height="286" align="right" caption="Virgin of Guadalupe"]]
 * Christianity won adherents
 * Conquest and epidemic disease made leaders in Mexico decide their gods had abandoned them
 * Natives blended their interests/traditions with Christian faith
 * Revered Roman Catholic Saints with qualities of their gods or those whose feast days coincided with traditional celebrations
 * The Virgin of Guadalupe
 * Mid-17th century- Christianity became especially popular in Mexico, some taking the Virgin of Guadalupe almost as a national symbol
 * Virgin Mary appeared before a peasant near Mexico city in 1531 (legend) and the sight became a shrine
 * 1640s- the shrine attracted pilgrims to Mexico, because the Virgin of Guadalupe worked miracles on those who visited
 * French and English Missionaries
 * Didn't attract as many converts in North America
 * Mostly because the people of North America moved frequently, whereas in Mexico natives were sedentary in villages/towns/cities
 * Missionaries didn't actively seek converts
 * French missionaries worked among natives in St. Lawrence, Mississippi, and Ohio River valleys and experienced little conversion to Christianity
 * Settlements of French and especially English colonists guaranteed spread of European religious tradition

**SP**