Imperialism+-+Africa+(909-925)

=Imperialism - Africa (909-925)=


 * THE BUILDING OF GLOBAL EMPIRES

1. Intro- **

A. Although few Europeans had traveled to south African by the mid-19th century, once diamonds and rich gold deposits were found they flocked to the region to seek fortune. B. One of the travelers, Cecil John Rhodes, 18 years old, Oxford, who in 1871 went to find a climate to heal his tuberculosis. Rhodes was smart, supervised African laborers by age 35 in 1889 almost monopolized diamond mining controlling 90% and built up a good gold mining business, but had no desire to monopolize it. Rhodes entered politics becoming prime minister of British Cape Colony (1890-1896). C. Rhodes thought Cape Colony would be a base to extend British control through Africa. Rhodes led movement to enlarge the colony, gained more land from Dutch farmers; annexed Bechuanaland in 1885 & Rhodesia in 1895; he didn’t want to stop there, but wanted to keep expanding. He regarded British society as the most noble, moral, and honorable in the world, and he regarded imperial expansion as a duty to humankind. D. Imperialism, the seeking for dominate powers to control weaker powers, has become a prominent theme of world history. E. During the second half of the 19th century, as the Ottoman and Qing empires weakened, a handful of western European states wrote a new chapter in the history of imperialism. At the end of the century Japan and the United States joined European states as new imperial powers. G. Imperialism tightened links between the world’s societies. It built empires to control natural resources, subdue potential enemies, seize wealth, gain control over territory, and to win glory for the hegemony spreading throughout the world.


 * FOUNDATIONS OF EMPIRE **

**1. Intro-**

A. Although during the 19th century the European ventures that they promoted enjoyed dramatic success partly because of the increasing sophisticated technologies developed by European industry, they have remained dangerous and expensive ventures. They have arisen from a sense that foreign conquest is essential, and they have entailed the mobilization of political, military, and economic resources. In the 19th century, Europe, proponents of empire advanced a variety of political, economic, and cultural arguments to justify the conquest and control of foreign lands.


 * 2. Motives of Imperialism **

A. About midcentury the Europeans began to speak of imperialism, and by the 1880s the recently coined term had made its way into popular speech and writing throughout Western Europe. In contemporary usage, imperialism refers to the domination of European powers—and later the United States and Japan as well—over subject lands in the larger world. Sometimes this domination came in the old-fashioned way, by force of arms, but often it arose from trade, investment, and business activities that enabled imperial powers to profit from subject societies and influence their affairs without going to the trouble of exercising direct political control. B. In lands such as North America, Chile, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, South African, India, southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, Europeans settled and developed colonies in order to promote European standards and cultural preferences. In modern parlance, colonialism refers not just to the sending of colonists to settle new lands but also to the political, social economic and cultural structures that enabled imperial powers to dominate subject lands. Contemporary scholars also speak of European colonies in India, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, even though European migrants did not settle there in large numbers. European agents, officials, and businesspeople effectively turned those lands into colonies and profoundly influenced their historical development by controlling their domestic and foreign policies, integrating local economies into the network of global capitalism. They also introduced European business techniques, transforming educational systems according to European standards, and promoting European cultural preferences C. During the 2nd half of the 19th century, many Europeans came to believe that imperial expansion and colonial domination were crucial for the survival of their states and societies. European merchants and entrepreneurs sometimes became fabulously wealthy from business ventures in Asia or Africa, and they argued for their home states to pursue imperialist policies partly to secure and enhance their won enterprises. Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902), one of the people who became fabulously wealthy, worked tirelessly on behalf of British imperial expansion. D. Economic motives for imperialism included the fact that overseas colonies had raw materials that were in demand. Things like copper, rubber, tin, and later petroleum were needed because of industrialization. Rubber trees could be found in the Amazon River basin, but colonists made rubber plantations in the Congo basin and Malaya instead. Tin was available in southeast Asia, and copper could be found in Central Africa. The US and Russia supplied most of the world's petroleum in the 19th century, but there were oil fields in southwest Asia as well. Each of these locations were colonized accordingly. E. Colonists were also supposed to be able to consume manufactured products, but these products didn't get to the colonies as efficiently as they should have. As a result, migrants’ population increases in Europe went to independent states in the Americas instead. F. Political motives were mostly due to colonial locations. Geopolitical arguments for imperialism said that some colonial locations were very strategic. They were built on important parts of sea lanes, or could provide harbors for ships. People wanted these advantages for themselves and didn't want their rivals to have them, so they maintained some colonies even if they weren't economically beneficial. Another political motive was a cure for domestic politics. G. Leaders diffused social tension and inspired patriotism by focusing public attention of foreign imperialist ventures. They organized colonial exhibitions where subject peoples displayed their dress, music, and customs for tourists and the general public in imperial lands. This was to gain support for imperialist policies. H. Missionaries went to Africa and Asia in search of converts to Christianity. While they didn't really agree with imperialist ventures, they provided a religious justification for imperialism. They also helped with communication between different peoples and their converts served as meeting places for Europeans. I. Other Europeans wanted to bring "civilization" like political order ad social stability to other peoples. The term "mission civilisatrice" (civilizing mission) was used as justification for French expansion into Africa and Asia. Rudyard Kipling said that it was the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands.


 * 3. Tools of Empire**

A. During the 19th century, industrialists devised effective technologies of transportation, communication, and war that enabled European imperialist to have their way in the larger world. Industrialization enhanced these efforts by making it possible to produce massive quantities of advanced weapons and tools. (JSL) B. Steamships and railroads were the most important innovations in transportation. And during the 1830's the British navy engineers adapted steam power for military use in large iron clad ships that could travel faster than any sailing vessel. In 1842 the British Nemesis led an expedition to the Yangzi River that bought the Opium War to a conclusion. Later these steam boats allowed Europe to push inland to Africa. C. The construction of new canals enhanced the effectiveness of steamships and lowered the costs of trade between imperial powers and subject lands. D. Railroads helped maintain their hegemony on land by facilitating trade, and allowing armies to travel quickly through the colonies. E. Industrialization made it possible to mass produce military equipment, further increasing Europe’s ability to spread their rule. Firearms such as the muzzle-loading muskets were devastating in large numbers but it took about one minute to reload the weapon, and it wasn’t very accurate. By the 1880’s Europeans created the Maxim gun, a light and powerful weapon that fired eleven bullets per second. F. These firearms provided European armies with an arsenal vastly stronger than any other in the world. Accurate rifles and machine guns devastated opposing overseas forces allowing for European colonial rule to power. ==== G. The most important innovation in transportation was the steamboat and railroad. In the 1830’s British engineers adapted steam power for military uses and built large, iron clad ships equipped with large cannons. Steamships were the fastest way to travel on sea and didn’t rely on winds as the sailboat did, making it possible to travel in any direction at any speed. ==== ====* The construction of canals such as the Suez Canal (constructed in 1859- 1869) and Panama Canal (contructed 1904- 1914) facilitated he building of empires by enabling naval vessels to travel rapidly between the world's seas and oceans and lowered the costs of trade between imperial powers and subject lands. (JSL)==== H. Telegraphs were used over land from the 1830’s and in the 1870’s submarine cables carried messages between Britain and India in about 5 hours. Rapid communications was an integral structural element of Britain’s empire allowing them a distinct advantage over their subject lands.
 * EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM

1. Intro-**

A. Aided by powerful technologies, European states launched an unprecedented round of empire building in the second half of the 19th century. Competition between imperial powers led to European intrusion in central Asia and the establishment of colonies in southeast Asian. Fearful of losing power, Europeans embarked on expansion that brought almost all of Africa and Pacific Ocean territories into their empires in the 1880s.


 * 2. The British Empire in India**

A. The British empire in south Asian and southeast Asia grew out of the mercantile activities of the English East India Company which was enjoying a monopoly on English trade with India. They built fortified posts on the coastlines for storage of goods until time of transportation. In the 17th century, mostly Indian pepper and cotton, Chinese silk and porcelain, and fine spices from southeast Asia. During the 18th century, tea and coffee became the most prominent trade items. B. Taking advantage of the Mughal weakness, the East India Company expanded its trading posts. In the 1750s, company merchants sought to conquest India and won ruling authority. Protecting their commercial interests, they used a small British army and a large number of Indian troops known as sepoys to enforce rule. C. Due to suspicion as to what animal was used -a religious affiliation-to protect the cartridges from moisture, Hindu sepoys and Muslim counterparts staged a mutiny in 1857 against the British. The rebels faced different interest, and the mutiny produced some horrifying casualties and violence; massacring surrendered men, women, and children. By 1858, the British had crushed the rebellion and restored their authority in India. D. In 1858, the British government imposed a direct imperial rule in India, and appointed a secretary of state for India to deliver authority. E. Under both the East India Company and direct colonial administration, the British cleared forests, restructured landholdings, encouraged cultivation of crops, built extensive railroad and telegraph networks, and constructed new canals, harbors, and irrigation systems. These factors fueled a much more substantial economy in India. F. They did not promote Christianity, but they established English-style school for elites. They suppressed Indian customs such as sati, the practice of widow burning themselves on their husbands’ funeral pyres in order to serve them loyally and follow them into death. Thus, the East Indian Company attempted to ban the practice in 1829.


 * 3. Imperialism in Central Asian and Southeast Asia**

A. The French in the Russian strategists sought to break British power and establish their own colonial presence in India. The French bid was lost, but the Russians fueled a prolonged power contest in central Asia. B. The weakening of the Ottoman and Qing empires turned central Asia into a political vacuum and invited Russian expansion into the region only systematically in the 19th century. By 1860’s Cossacks had overcome the great caravan cities of the silk roads and approached the ill-defined northern frontier of British India. For the next half century, military officers and imperialist adventurers engaged in a risky pursuit of influence and intelligence that British agents referred to as the “Great Game”. C. Russian and British explorers ventured and mapped previous unseen parts of central Asian before visited by Europeans in anticipation for the war for India which never came. Regardless, much of central Asia fell into the Russian empire until the disintegration the Soviet Union in 1991. D. The Philippines fell under Spanish colonial rule in the 16th century, and many southeast Asian islands fell under Dutch rule in the 17th century. In the 19th century as political rivalries escalated, Dutch officials tightened and expanded their control throughout the Dutch East Indies. Due to cash crops found in the region, the Dutch East Indies became a valuable and productive colony. E. In the interest of increasing trade between India, southeast Asia, and China, British imperialist moved in the 19th century to establish a presence in southeast Asia. They faced conflict with the kinds of Burma, but by the 1880s had established colonial authority in Burma. In 1824 Thomas Stamford Raffles founded the port of Singapore which served as the busiest center of trade in the Strait of Melaka and the base for British conquest in Malaya in the 1870s and 1880s. Malaya offered outstanding ports and provided abundant supplies of tin and rubber. F. The French built the large southeast colony of French Indochina, consisting of modern states of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, between 1859 and 1893. They introduced European schooling styles and sought to connect closely with native elites. French encouraged conversion to Christianity making a prominent figure throughout. By century’s end, Europeans ruled all of southeast Asia except for the kingdom of Siam (modern Thailand) which survived independently due to a buffer state.


 * 4. The Scramble for Africa**

A. As late as 1875 European peoples maintained limited presence in Africa. After the end of the slave trade, a lively commerce developed around the exchange of African gold, ivory, and palm oil for European textiles, guns, and manufactures goods brings considerable prosperity and economic opportunity to west African lands. B. Between 1875 and 1900, the relationship between Africa and Europe dramatically changed. Within a quarter century European powers portioned and colonized almost the entire African continent. Prospects of exploiting African resources and nationalist rivalries between European powers help to explain this frenzied quest for empire, often referred to as the “scramble for Africa.” C. European imperialists built on the information previously compiled. Many missionaries ventured into Africa such as Dr. David Living, a Scottish minister, who was sought out a mission post in the 19th century. The American journalist Henry Morton Stanley was adventurous as he attempted to locate Livingstone and report on his activities. Two English Explores, Richard Burton and John Speke, ventured into east Africa seeking the source of the Nile River. This information compiled from these travelers merchants exploited for business opportunity. D. Reliable information about the great African rivers- the Nile, Niger, Congo, and Zambesi- allowed access to the inland regions. Employed by King Leopold II of Belgium, Morton Staley called for the Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River which would be a free-trade zone. The working conditions were so brutal, taxes so high, and abuses so many that many died, and by 1908 the Belgian government took control of the colony, known thereafter as Belgian Congo. E. Britain established an imperial presence in Egypt. In 1882 a British army occupied Egypt to protect British financial interests and ensure the safety of the Suez Canal, which was crucial to British communication with India. F. Long before the 19th century scramble, the Dutch East India Company had established the Cape Town as a supply station for ships en route to Asia at the southern tip of the African continent. European settlers moved in to take up farming and ranching. Many of these settlers, known first as Boers (the Dutch word for “farmer”) and the as Afrikaners (the Dutch word for “African”) believed that God had predestined them to claim the people and resources of the Cape. Europeans migrants flocked to the cape and began spreading outward into the lands occupied by Khoikhoi and Xhosa peoples. As a result, this lead to completion for pasture in the region and hostility. By the early 18th century, warfare, enslavement, and smallpox epidemics led to the virtual extinction of the Khoikhoi and Xhosa peoples. G. The British takeover of the Cape during the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1825) led to financial viability for the Afrikaners when slavery was abolished in 1833. Thus, Afrikaners began to migrate east to the Great Trek which often lead to violent conflict with indigenous peoples. By the 19th century, Afrikaner voortrkkers (Afrikaans for “pioneers”) had created several independent republics: the Republic of Natal, annexed by the British in 1843; the Orange Free State in 1854; and in 1860 the South African Republic. H. Once large mineral deposits were found in Afrikaner-populated territories conflict became deadly between the British and Afrikaners, culminating in the South African War (1899-1902). It pitted whites against whites, and took a large tool on black Africans. The Afrikaners conceded defeat in 1902 and by 1910, the British government four colonies as provinces in the Union of South Africa, a largely autonomous British dominion. The British centered on shoring up the privileges of white colonial society and the domination of black Africans. I. The Berlin West Africa Conference (1884-1885) allowed that any European state could establish African colonies after notify the others of its intentions and occupy previously unclaimed territory. The conference provided European diplomats with the justification they needed to draw lines on maps and care a continent into colonies. Fourteen European states and the United States attend- not a single African was present. J. During the 1890s Europeans sent armies to impose colonial rule in Africa. By turn of the century, European colonies embraced all of Africa except for Ethiopia and Liberia. K. In the wake of conquest, Europeans struggled to identify the ideal system of rule, only to learn that colonial rule in Africa could be maintained only through exceedingly high expenditures. L. Concessionary companies- governments granted private companies large concessions of territory and empowered them to undertake economic activities- allowed European governments to colonize and exploit immense territories with only modest investment in capital and personnel, but it brought liabilities because of the brutal sue of forced labor. By early 20th century, European powers established their own rule. M. Under direct rule, colonies featured administrative districts headed by European personnel. Administrative boundaries intentionally cut across existing African political and ethnic boundaries in order to divide and weaken potentially powerful indigenous groups. There was a constant shortage of European personnel. Due to long distances, slow transport, poor communication skills, and inability to speak local language, European administration was undermined. N. The British colonial administrator Frederick D. Lugard (1858-1945) was a driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule, which the British used in many colonies. In his book The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa he stressed the moral and financial advantages of exercising control over subject population through indigenous institutions. It only worked primarily in region that already had strong and highly organized states. The effectiveness in “tribal” nature was questionable. The invention of rigid tribal categories and the establishment of artificial tribal boundaries became one of the greatest obstacles to nation building and regional stability in much of Africa during the second half of the twentieth century.

(I have taken everything below and reformatted it. I did this mainly because things were out of order, and I elaborated on points. From Imperialism in Central Asia and Southeast Asia on it is strictly only my work. I left everyones work on the bottom except for the pictures, so you would be able to check who originally posted. ---Shahdi)

Foundations of Empire
· Even under the best circumstances, campaigns to conquer foreign lands have always been dangerous and expensive ventures. · They have arisen from a sense that foreign conquest is essential, and they have entailed the mobilization of political, military, and economic resources. · In the 19th century, Europe, proponents of empire advanced a variety of political, economic, and cultural arguments to justify the conquest and control of foreign lands. · The imperialist ventures that they promoted enjoyed dramatic success partly because of the increasingly sophisticated technologies developed by European industry.

__**Motives of Imperialism** __ 1. Modern Imperialism · About midcentury the Europeans began to speak of imperialism, and by the 1880s the recently coined term had made its way into popular speech and writing throughout Western Europe. · In contemporary usage, imperialism refers to the domination of European powers—and later the United States and Japan as well—over subject lands in the larger world. · Sometimes this domination came in the old-fashioned way, by force of arms, but often it arose from trade, investment, and business activities that enabled imperial powers to profit from subject societies and influence their affairs without going to the trouble of exercising direct political control. 2. Modern Colonialism · In modern parlance, colonialism refers not just to the sending of colonists to settle new lands but also to the political, social economic and cultural structures that enabled imperial powers to dominate subject lands. · Contemporary scholars also speak of European colonies in India, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, even though European migrants did not settle there in large numbers. · European agents, officials, and businesspeople effectively turned those lands into colonies and profoundly influenced their historical development by controlling their domestic and foreign policies, integrating local economies into the network of global capitalism · They also introduced European business techniques, transforming educational systems according to European standards, and promoting European cultural preferences. · During the 2nd half of the 19th century, many Europeans came to believe that imperial expansion and colonial domination were crucial for the survival of their states and societies. · European merchants and entrepreneurs sometimes became fabulously wealthy from business ventures in Asia or Africa, and they argued for their home states to pursue imperialist policies partly to secure and enhance their won enterprises. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902), one of the people who became fabulously wealthy, worked tirelessly on behalf of British imperial expansion. (TK) (editing JSL) 3. Economic Motives of Imperialism -Economic motives for imperialism included the fact that overseas colonies had raw materials that were in demand -Things like copper, rubber, tin, and later petroleum were needed because of industrilization -Rubber trees could be found in the Amazon River basin, but colonists made rubber plantations in the Congo basin and Malaya instead -Tin was available in southeast Asia -Copper could be found in Central Africa -The US and Russia supplied most of the world's petroleum, but there were oil fields in southwest Asia too -All of these places were colonized accordingly -Colonists were also supposed to be able to consume manufactured products, but these products didn't get to the colonies as efficiently as they should have -Because of this, migrants to to population increases in Europe went to independent states in the Americas instead 4. Political Motives of Imperialism -Political motives were mostly due to colonial locations -Geopolitical arguments for imperialism said that some colonial locations were very strategic -They were built on important parts of sea lanes, or could provide harbors for ships -People wanted these advantages for themselves and didn't want their rivals to have them, so they maintained some colonies even if they weren't economically beneficial -Another political motive was a cure for domestic politics -Leaders difused social tension and inspired patriotism by focusing public attention of foreign imperialist ventures -They organized colonial exhibitions where subject peoples displayed their dress, music, and customs for tourists and the general public in imperial lands -This was to gain support for imperialist policies 5. Cultural Justification of Imperialism -Missionaries wented to Africa and Asia in search of converts to Christianity -While they didn't really agree with imperialist ventures, they provided a religious justification for imperialism -They also helped with communication between different peoples and their convernts served a meeting places for Europeans -Other Europeans wanted to bring "civilization" like politil order ad social stability to other peoples -"mission civilisatrice" (civilizing mission) was used as justification for French expanision into Africa and Asia -Rudyard Kipling said that it was the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands (SC)


 * Tools of Empire**

1. Transportation Technologies Steamships and railroads were the mot important innovations in transportion. And during the 1830's the british navy engineers adapted steam power for military use in large iron clad ships that could travel faster than any sailing vessel. In 1842 the british Nemisis led an expidition to the Yangzi River that bought the opium war to a conclusin. Later these steam boats allowed europe to push inland to africa. Canals and railroads enabled large scale international/national trade. The cost to trade had thereby decreased, hence increasing the amount of trade. The major trade was the trade in raw materiels. (LZ)

2. Military Technologies (DJ) -Technology was a key advantage that helped European imperialists spread their rule, Gunpowder being one of the most important. -Industrialization made it possible to mass produce military equipment, further increasing Europe’s ability to spread their rule -The most important innovation in transportation was the steamboat and railroad. In the 1830’s British engineers adapted steam power for military uses and built large, iron clad ships equipped with large cannons. Steamships were the fastest way to travel on sea and didn’t rely on winds as the sailboat did, making it possible to travel in any direction at any speed. -The construction of canals such as the Suez Canal and Panama Canal made it possible to travel to more places in shorter periods of time. -Firearms such as the muzzle-loading muskets were devastating in large numbers but it took about one minute to reload the weapon, and it wasn’t very accurate. By the 1880’s Europeans created the Maxim gun, a light and powerful weapon that fired eleven bullets per second.

3. Communications Technologies

Ocean steamships reduced the amount of time it took to deliver messages from imperial capitals to colonial lands,

Rapid communications was an integral structural element of Britain’s empire.
(DA)


 * __European Imperialism__**

1. Company Rule 2. British Imperial Rule
 * The British Empire in India**

1. The Great Game -Military officers and imperialist adventurers engaged in a risky pursuit of influence and intelligence that British agents referred to as the "Great Game". -Russian and British explorors ventured into parts of Central Asia never before visited by Europeans. -They mapped terrain, scouted moutain passes, and sought alliances with local rulers from Afghanistan to the Aral Sea--In an effort to prepare for the anticipated war for India. (MA) 2. French Indochina
 * Imperialism in Central Asia and Southeast Asia**

2. South Africa
A. Cape Town was established long before by Dutch EIC B. People eventually move inland and farm, called Boers C. Warfare over land causes the native tribes in the area to go extinct D. Britain takes over Cape after Napoleonic Wars E. English Law and Language instituted along with slavery being an issue again F. Africans migrate East on The Great Trek to get away from Cape Town G. European success promoted God given rights H. Many independent states created by natives I. Britain becomes aggressive towards their land when gold and diamonds are discovered J. This takes toll on society of blacks in British concentration camps