Rome+-+Kingdom,+Republic,+and+Empire+(259-271)+2

__Rome:__ ** __Kingdom, Republic, and Empire (259-271)__ **

A.Prisoner named Paul of Tarsus transported by ship from the port of Caesarea in Palestine to Rome by Roman guards. **-MH** B.Ship encountered violent storm and passengers/crew had to work to keep ship afloat. **-MH** C.Ship made it to Malta but was destoryed by waves just off of Malta. **-MH** D.Paul and his guards stuck on Malta for 3 months. **-MH** A.When it first arrived it was a sect of Judaism. **-MH** B.Accepted by those who regarded Jesus of Nazareth as a savior for the Jewish community. **-AD** C.Early Christians encountered harsh opposition and persecution from Roman officials. **-LA** D.Paul was an important figure in the development of Christianity. **-AD** A.Had centralized administration over the empire. **-MH** B.Christianity became official religion of Roman empire. **-MH** C.Roman military forces had to maintain order in an empire with conflicting ethnic and religious groups. **-AD**
 * __Rome__**
 * 1.Story of Paul of Tarsus (55 B.C.E.)**
 * 2.Christianity**
 * 3.Early Roman Empire**

__**From Kingdom To Republic**__ A.Was a small city-state and had its own king (Eighth century B.C.E.). **-MH** B. Late sixth centery BCE city aristocrats deposed the king and ended the monarchy, instituting a republic. **-****MZ** C.Roman republic survived for more than 500 years. **-AD** __**The Etruscans and Rome**__ A.Troy had twins, Romulus and Remus, that almost drowned in the Tiber River but a kind she-wolf found them and cared for them. **-AD** B.(According to ancient legends) Romulus founded city of Rome and made himself king in 753 B.C.E. **-MH** C. What was more likey to of happen was bands of Indo-European migrants crossed the alps and settled throughout the Italian peninsula with the neolithic people of the region. **-ES** A.Group of people who dominated Italy (between eighth and fifth centuries B.C.E.). **-MH** **-MH** B. Migrated to Italy from Analotia. **-ES** C.First settled in Tuscany but soon gained much of control of the Po River Valley. **-ES** D. Built thriving cities and organized political and econmic allies between their settlements. **-ES** E.Built a Fleet and traded actively with western Mediterranean. **-ES** F.Society declined beacuse of wars/battles with Greek fleets and Celtic peoples (Late sixth century B.C.E.). **-MH** G. Manufactured high-quality bronze and iron goods, and they worked gold and silver into jewelery.-**MZ** H.Traded in the western Mediterranean. **-AD** I.During late 6th century BCE, Etruscans encountered challenges from other peoples and the society began to decline. **-AD** J.Greek fleets defeated them at sea while Celtic peoples attacked them from Gaul. **-AD** A.The development was deeply influenced by Etruscans. **-ES** B.Was on the Tiber River. **-MH** C.(In early days of Rome) Rome ruled by a monarchy. **-MH** D.Early Rome the Kings provided paved streets, public buildings, defense walls, and large temples. **-ES** E. A lot of trade traffic due to the location of the city. **-ES** F.Rome had easy access to the Mediterranean by way of the Tiber River. **-AD** G. Several of the kings were Etruscans. **-****MZ** H. Trade routes from all over Italy converged on Rome.-**MZ** __**The Roman Republic and Its Constitution**__ A.Created republican constitution. **-MH** B.Constitution created two consuls: civil and military. **-MH** C.Consuls elected by an assembly (the assemblies were mostly patricians (people of wealthy classes). **-MH** D.Established a Senate (Senate also controlled by patricians). **-MH** E.Wealthy classes known as patricians; common people known as plebeians. **-MH** F.Senate and Consuls both represented the interests of the Patricians which upset the Plebians. **-ES** G.Constant tension between the wealthy classes and the common people. **-****MZ** A.(Fifth century B.C.E.) Plebeians threatened to leave Rome because of tension/conflicts with particians and establish their own rival settlement. **-MH** B.Plebeians gained power in government by electing officials (known as tribunes). **-MH** C.Tribunes had the power to intervene in all political matters and they possessed the right to veto measures that they judged unfair.-**MZ** D.When faced with civil or military crisis the Romans appointed an official (Dictator) which wielded absolute power for a term of 6 months. **-ES** __**The Expansion of the Republic**__ A.Access to the iron industry greatly expanded the amount under roman control. **-ES** B.Controlled the peninsula because 1. They established military colonies in regions they overcame and 2. Provided generous policies toward the people they conquered. including: exempted from taxation, they could govern their own internal affairs, trade with Rome and take roman spouses, gain citizenship of Rome. **-ES** C.Policies gave Rome the support they needed to put down rebellions and dominate affairs throughout the Italian peninsula. **-ES** A.Rome had conflicts with other Mediterranean powers. **-MH** B. Other Mediterranean powers supported a thriving network. **-ES** A.Conflict with Carthage and Hellenistic realms.**-MH** (Hellenistic realms: Antigonids of Macedon, Ptolemies of Egypt, and Seleucids). **-ES** B.Romans defeated Carthage and burned down Carthage. Romans put Carthage's 50 thousand citizens into slavery. **-MH** C.After Romans beat Carthage they soon came in conflict with the Hellenistic realms but Romans were shown to be the preeminent power of the Western Mediterranean. **-ES**
 * 1.Rome**
 * 1.Romulus and Remus**
 * 2.The Etruscans**
 * 3.The Kingdom of Rome**
 * 1.Establishment of the Republic**
 * 2.Conflicts between Particians and Plebeians**
 * 2.Expansion in the Mediterranean**
 * 3.The Punic Wars**

__**Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems**__ A.Wealthy elites used conquered land they received to have plantations (known as latifundia)(plantations used slaves). **-MH** B. Unevenly distribution of land caused conflict. **-ES** C. Owners of latifundia operated at lower costs than owners of smaller holdings, who often had to mortage lands or sell to wealthy neighbors. **-LA** A.Tiberus and Gaius Gracchus worked for social reform in Roman republic. **-MH** B.Tried to limit the amount of conquered land an individual could own, and if it exceeded limits then lands should be taken away. ** -ES ** C.Assassinated in fear the brothers would gain influence over the roman affairs. **-ES** A.Rome had civil war in early first century B.C.E. **-MH** B.(83 B.C.E.) Sulla seized Rome and killed his enemies (10 thousand people killed during his five year rule). **-MH** C.Sulla did not resolve Rome's most serious problems, so poverty rose in cities, and personal armies increased. **-LA** D.Gaius Julius Caesar created process that was used to replace republican constitution with centralized imperial government. **-MH**
 * 1.Expansion Problems**
 * 2.The Gracchi Brothers**
 * 3.Civil War**

__**The Foundation of Empire**__ A.(60s B.C.E.) Had an active role in Roman politics. **-MH** B.Believe in social reform and centralized control. **-MH** C.Became popular in Rome because of military success. **-MH** D.Seized Rome in 49 B.C.E. **-MH** E. Sponsored public events such as gladiators and animal battles to gain reputation to win election to posts in the republican government. **-ES** F.Became a dictator with all of his power. **-ES** G.Roman elite classes called him a tyrant, stabbed him to death 44 B.C.E **-LA** A.Augustus's original name was Octavian. B.The Senate gave Octavian the title Augustus because it had religious connotations suggesting divine nature of the holder. **-MH** A.Government was a monarchy but was disguised as a republic. **-MH** B.Brought peace to Rome by ending civil disturbances. **-ES**
 * 1.Julius Caesar**
 * 2.Augustus**
 * 3.Augustus's Administration**

__**Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire**__ A.For 2 centuries after Augustus' rule, Roman armies conquered distant lands. **-AD** B.During republican times Rome already held Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, most of the Iberian peninsula, and small outposts in north Africa and Anatolia. **-AD** C.At Rome's high point during second century CE, the Roman empire included much of Britain, places surrounding the Mediterranean, and lands inland such as Mesopotamia. **-AD** D.Roman expansion had a great effect on Europe. **-AD** E.In small villages, the arrival of Roman soldiers stimulated the development of local economies and states. **-AD** F.Cities such as Paris, Lyons, Cologne, Mainz, London, Toledo, and Segovia can trace their origins to Roman times. **-AD** G.Roman empire at about 117 C.E. (light green) **-MH****-MH**
 * 1.After Augustus's Rule**

A.(First to middle of third century C.E.) Era of peace in the Roman empire that brought economic/political integration. **-MH** B.The pax romana was during Augustus's reign. **-MH** C.Augustus ended civil disturbances throughout the empire. **-MH** A.Roads linked all parts of the Roman empire. **-MH** B.Roads allowed them to have an imperial postal system. **-MH** C.Wide roads allowed for two way traffic **-AD** A.(450 B.C.E.) Beginning of written law. **-MH** B.Twelve Tables was created (was a basic law code). **-MH** C.Began the principal defendants were innocent until proven guilty. **-ES** D.Ensured defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court of law **-AD** E.Judges were allowed to set aside laws that were inequitable or unfair. **-MH** __** Five Themes Notes **__ __Demography and disease__ -Sulla (Roman general that would become dictator who ruled from 83-78 B.C.E.) had 10 thousand people killed because he believed they were enemies of the state**-MH** __Religions Belief systems, philosophies & ideologies__ -Christianity was a sect of Judaism when it first emerged **-MH** -Paul of Tarsus was important in making Christianity its own faith **-MH** -Spreading of Christianity was helped by Roman empire **-MH**
 * 2.The Pax Romana**
 * 3.Roman Roads**
 * 4.Roman Law**
 * 1.Interaction between humans and the environment**
 * 2.Development and interaction of cultures**

__Political structures and forms of goverance__ -(In the early days of Rome) Rome was a monarchy **-MH** -(In the early days of Rome) The Roman kings were Etruscans (earlier group of people who dominated Italy) **-MH** -Augustus's rule was a monarchy but was disguised as a republic **-MH** -Romans established a written law code **-MH** -Main principles of the law code: defendants were innocent until proven guilty, defendants had the right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court of law, and judges were permitted to set aside laws that were inequitable or unfair. **-MH** __Empires, Nations and nationalism revolts and revolutions__ -The Punic Wars (Roman conflict with Carthage and Hellenistic realms) **-MH** __Agricultural and pastoral production__ -Main source of grains came from Sicily. **-LA** -During Roman expansion, encouraged local inhabitants to cultivate wheat, olives, and grapes. **-LA** -Wealthy elites used slaves to cultivate land **-MH** __Trade and commerce__ -Trade routes throughout Italy came through Rome. **-MH** -Pax Romana facilitated trade and communication throughout Mesopotamia to the Atlantic Ocean. **-LA** -Roman Roads were used for transportation and communication. **-LA** -Roads linked all over Roman empire. **-LA** **-LA**
 * 3.State-building, expansion and conflict**
 * 4.Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems**

__Labor systems__ -When Roman empire conquered Carthage the 50 thousand Carthage citizens were put in to slavery. **-MH** -Roman conquered lands were given to wealthy elites who used them for plantations using slaves. **-MH** __Industrialization__ -Caesar launched large- scale building projects in Rome to provide work for the urban poor. **-LA**

__Capitalism and socialism__ __Family and kinship__ -Hereditary aristocrats dominated by electing consuls and put into wealthy classes. **-LA**
 * 5.Development and transformation of social structure**

__Racial and ethnic constructions__

__Social and economic classes__ -Wealthy classes known as patricians. **-MH** -Common people known as plebeians. **-MH** -Conflicts arose between the social classes (patricians/plebeians). **-MH**