China+(1008-1013)

=China (1008-1013)= China's Search for Order NA's Start

NA's end
 * during the first half of the 20th century, china was in a state of almost continual revolutionary upheaval. the conflict's origins dated from the 19th century, when china came under relentless pressure from imperialist powers. (EH)
 * revolution in 1911 forced Xuantong, the emporer, to abdicate
 * Dr. sun Yatsen proclaimed a Chinese republic in 1912; run by warlords who ultimeletly contributed to the descent of Chinese society
 * unequal treaties continued to have sway in chinese economic developments; hindered them
 * 1919 peace conference in Paris was a disapointment because Janpan was granted increase influnence in China
 * May Fourth Movement; protested foreign influnence
 * leaders plegded to rid china of imperialism and reestablish national unity; Sanfei and others rallied to the cause

ET Start Chinese Nationalism ET End (SK) Mao Zedong Sun Yatsen
 * After the WWI, nationalism developed rapidly in China.
 * Youths had looked to Europe and the US for reform in China hoped for results in the Peace Conference in Paris
 * Expected US to restore Chinese sovereignty
 * Peacemakers approved increased Japanese interference in China
 * Chinese became interested in Marxist thought
 * The most prominent nationalist leader at the time, Sun Yatsen, did not share the communists entusiasm for a dictatorship of the proletariat and the triumph of communism.
 * After the death of Sun Yatsen in 1925, leadership fell to Jiang jieshi, a young general who had been trained in Japan and the Soviet Union.
 * Chinese Communist Party (CCP) formed in 1921 in Shanghai
 * Early members included, Mao Zedong (1893-1976) teacher/librarian who thought Marxist communism as the solution for China's problems
 * Chinese communists believed in divorce, no arranged marraiges, and were against foot binding
 * most prominent nationalist leader of the time, but did not believe in dictatorships (AH)
 * (SK start) his beliefs (summarized in his "Three Principles of the People") and called for elimination of special privileges for foreingers, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage
 * determined to bring the country under the control of his National People's Party (aka Guomindang)
 * in 1923 members of the CCP began to join/infliltrate the NPP and by 1926 made up 1/3 of the membership
 * both CCP and NPP used assistance offered by the Soviet Union and under Lenin were reorganized into effective political organizations and bestowed on China the basis of a new political system

Civil War
 * after the death of SunYatsen in 1925, leadership of NPP fell to Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek, 1887-1975), a young general trained in Hapan and the Soviet Union
 * led a political and military offensive known as the Northern Expedition to unifiy China and bring it under Guomindang rule
 * in 1927 Jiang brutally and unexpectedlyl turned against his communist commrades toward the end of his successful campaign, and brougnt the NPP and CCp alliance to a bloody end
 * in the next year nationalist forces occupied Neijing, set up a central government in Nanjing, and declared NPP the official government of a unified and sovereign Chinese state
 * meanwhile mauled communists retreated to a remote area of southeastern China to attempt to reconstitute and reorganize their forces
 * China did manage to avoid the Great Depression, because it's economy/industry were connected only marginally to the world ecomony and foreign trade made up only a small part of China's economy (which was otherwise dominated by its large domestic markets)
 * however, China did have to confront 3 major problems in the 1930's:
 * 1. Nationalists only controlled part of China, leaving the rest in warlord hands
 * 2. By early 1930's communist revolution was still a major threat
 * 3. Guomindang faced increasing Japanese aggression
 * to deal with these problems, Jiang Jieshi gave priority to eliminating the CCP and Red Army
 * the Long March: a forced retreat of Red Army over 6,215 miles to arrive in northwestern China in Ocotber 1935 and establish headquarters at Yan'an
 * though thousands died, the Long March actually inspired many Chinese to join the Communist Party
 * during the Long March, Mao Zedong emerged as leader and principal thoretician of the Chinese Communist movement
 * Mao came up with Chinese form of Marxist-Leninism, or Maoism, and ideology grounded in the conviction that peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution (as peasants made up most of the population at the time). (SK end)


 * Imperial and Imperialist Japan**
 * after the great war, japan had freat power. it was one of the "big five" powers in the legue of nations.
 * They entered a series of agreements that were to improve their relations among countries with conflicting interests in Asia and the Pacific.
 * Japan agreed to limit naval development, evacuate Shandog province of China, and fuaranteed China's territorial integrity.
 * War was renounced.
 * Japanese economy did great during the war. They made money from selling munition and other good to aillies and gained a foothold in Asia.
 * After the war, Japan's economy fell. They experienced plumiting industrial productions, layoffs, declining trade, and financial chaos.
 * Japanese politics were influenced by the want for social and political reform, such as broadening of the franchise, protection for labor unions, and wefare legislation.
 * In 1932 the prime minister was assassinated because of an angry campaign targeting political and business leaders. The public blamed its government for the nation's economic problems.
 * Politicians that supoprted japan's role in the internations industrial-capatalist system faced more and more opposition from those who wanted Japan to dominate east Asia using military.
 * China's unity and international attempts to reinstate its sovereignty threatened Japan's economic interests in Manchuria.
 * Japan then built the Manchurian Railroad, retained transit rights, and stationed troops.
 * in 1931, the military force acted to assert control over the region.


 * OTHERS ACTUALLY ADDED MOST OF THIS INFORMATION, BUT IT GOT DELETED WHEN I LOGGED IN, SO I RECOPIED IT. SORRY EVERYONE! -**Sarah

Sun Yatsen (EH) Jiang Jieshi (EH)

Chinese Communist Party Flag (EH)