Formation+of+the+Islamic+Empires;+The+Ottomans+(753-759)

=Formation of the Islamic Empires; The Ottomans (753-759)=
 * __The Ottoman Empire:__** (Jv start)
 * Osman:** The term //Ottoman// derived from Osman Bey.
 * He was the founder of the dynasty.
 * The dynasty continued in unbroken succession from 1289 until 1923. (DH)
 * Osman was cheif (bey) of a band of seminomadic Turks who migrated to nw Anatolia in the 13th century.
 * Osman and his followers sought above all to become ghazi, Muslim religious warriors.
 * Ottoman Expansion:** The Ottomans' location on the borders of the Byzantine empire afforded them ample opportunity to wage holy war. (DH)
 * First great success came from the capture of the Anatolian city of Bursa.
 * Bursa became the Ottoman capital.
 * Around 1352 the Ottomans' seized the fortress of Gallipoli while aiding a claimant to the Byzantine throne.
 * Many people flocked to join the Ottomans.
 * The city of Edirne became a second Ottoman capital.
 * It served a base for further expansion into the Balkans.
 * As the warriors expanded it brought wealth to the //ghazi// and the central government.
 * Bursa became a major commercial and intellectual center.
 * It help inns, shops, schools, libraries, and mosques.
 * Military had 2 forces:
 * A light cavalry
 * And voluntary infantries.
 * Once the Ottoman state became more firmly established, they added a professional cavalry forced. (DH)
 * They were equipped with heavy armor and financed by land grants.
 * //Devshirme:// The Ottomans required the Christian population of the Balkans to contribute young boys to be slaves of the Sultan.
 * According to the individual ability, the boys either entered civilian administration or the military.
 * Those who entered the military were know as Janissaries, from the Turkish yeni cheri ("new troops").
 * The boys learned Turkish, received special training, and converted to Islam. (DH)(Jv End)

Mehmed the Conqueror-NA

 * Captured Constantinople in 1453, became known as Istanbul
 * Ruler of the two lands (Europe and Asia) and the two seas (Black Sea and Mediterranean)
 * Ruled with an absolute monarchy with an army that had no serious rival
 * Lead the conquest of Serbia, moved on to Greece and Albania, disposed of the last of the Byzantine outpost of Trebizond, took control of Genoese ports in the Crimea, started a war with Venice in the Mediterranean, and wanted to cross the Straits of Otranto-march on Rome-and capture the Pope
 * He occupied Otranto briefly, but soon died and his successors did not continue his plans for expansion into Europe

Suleyman the Magnificent-NA

 * Known for his vigorous expansion of the Ottoman empire
 * 1534 conquered Baghdad and added the Tigris and Euphrates valleys
 * 1521 captured Belgrade
 * 1526 killed the king of Hungary in the battle of Mohacs, and tightened his power north of the Danube
 * 1529 conducted a brief, terrifying siege on Habsburgs' city of Vienna
 * Aegean and Black Sea fleets
 * Acquired the navy of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt
 * Khayr al-Din Barbossa Pasha (Turkish corsair) put fleet under the Ottoman flag and became the leading admiral
 * With these huge amounts of vessels the Ottoman's were able to seize the island of Rhodes from the Knights of St. John, besieged Malta, secured Aden, and attacked a Portuguese fleet at Diu in India

The Safavid Empire

 * The Safavids were Turkish conquerors of Persia and Mesopotamia
 * Founder Shah Ismail (reigned 1501-1524) claimed ancient Persian title of shah.
 * Proclaimed Twelver Shiism the official religion; imposed it on Sunni population
 * Followers known as //qizilbash// (or "Red Hats")
 * Twelver Shiism
 * Traced origins to twelve ancient Shiite imams
 * Ismail believed to be the twelfth, or "hidden," imam, or even an incarnation of Allah
 * Battle of Chaldiran (1514)
 * Sunni Ottomans persecuted Shiites within Ottoman empire
 * //Qizilbash// considered firearms to be unmanly and were crushed by Ottomans at Chadiran
 * Shah Abbas the Great who reigned 1588-1629 revitalized the Safavid empire
 * He modernized military; sought European alliances against Ottomans
 * new capital at Isfahan; centralized administration