Decolonization+in+Africa+2

= Decolonization in Africa = (pgs 1107-1113) Decolonization and independence in Africa was delayed by imperial influence and resistance, the cold war, internal tribal conflicts which undermined African nationalism.

__**Forcing the French out of North America**__ France granted independence to Morocco and Tunisia in 1956 and the thirteen French clones in west and equatorial Africa in 1960. French wanted to control Algeria so it gave up the other colonial holds. The end of WWII gave rise to desire for independence from the French and on May 1945 Algerians and Arabs peacefully demonstrated their nationalism and shots were fired into the crowd by French police. Rioting and repression took place afterwards. 8,000+ Algerian Muslims died and 100 French in the Algerian Revolt. __**War in Algeria (1954-1962)**__ Algerian war of liberation began in 1954 by the National Liberation Front or FLN. French didn't realize the seriousness of the war until 1955 when the FLN killed dozens of French settlers. 1958: French had half a million soldiers in war. 1962: Algerians gain independence from France, hundreds of thousands of Algerians lost their lives. __**Frantz Fanon (1925-1961)**__ Algerian revolutionary who was influential to national liberation. Studied psychiatry and medicine in France, opened psychiatric hospital department in Algeria and fought to free Algeria from French rule. Wrote The Wretched of the Earth (1961) encouraging violence against oppressors as means of fighting racist degradation. Died before independence was achieved but influenced independence struggles going on in Africa. __**Growth of African Nationalism**__ Before and during WWII, nationalism flourished with people celebrating blackness and Africanness. Began as grassroots protest against European imperialism African Intellectuals created movement to promote blackness inspired by the pan-African movements in US and Caribbean. __**African Independence**__ Imperial powers assumed blacks were incapable of self-government and planned for slow independence. White settlers opposed black independence. Anticommunist fears justified interference in African politics 1957: Ghana gains independence 1975: Angola gains independence 1980: Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia gains independence Post-independence civil war broke out in Rwanda, Burundi, and Angola. Economic instability and political and ethnic divisiveness occurred in many states and stalled nation building. __**Freedom and Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa**__ A. Ghana's freedom from British rule in 1957 inspired the end of empire in Africa A. Became independent in 1957 B. Ghana's independence inspired other African nationalist movements C. Kwame Nkrumah, the nationalist leader, was jailed and censored for his political actions D. (1947 )After Kwame Nkrumah was released, he became Ghana's first president E. People of Ghana began to view themselves as equal to the people that were once their rulers (for example when Britain's Queen Elizabeth II visited in 1961, they hung side-by-side posters of the queen and Nkrumah) A. (After 1947) Violent clashes between the white settlers and nationalists, specifically the Kikuyo (one of Kenya's largest ethnic groups)(also known as the Mau Mau) B. The Kikuyu radicalism and violence was a result of nationalist opposition to British colonial rule and land policies in Kenya C. Labeling the Kikuyu (or Mau Mau) as communists subversives, Britain gained the support of the U.S. D. (1930s and 1940s) British settlers pushed the Kikuys off fertile farm areas, the Kikuyu was reduced to the status of wage slaves, and the Kikuyu were relocated to overcrowded "tribal reserves" E. (Early 1940s) Kikuyu resistance in labor strikes and direct action campaigns to force settlers off their lands F. Britain tried to suppress all nationalist groups (they could not tell the difference between violent activisim and nonviolent agitation) G. Britain used artillery, bombers, and jet fighters in their military offenses against rebel forces H. (By 1956) Britain had crushed all military resistance\ I. Rebellion killed 12,000 Africans and 100 Europeans J. (1959) Political parties formed in Kenya and they were lead by nationalist leaders (including Kenyatta) K. (By December 1963) Kenya had negotiated its independence A. Kwame Nkrumah on African Unity B. (1961) Kwame Nkrumah wrote the book "I Speak of Freedom: A Statement of African Ideology" C. He called for a political union between the independent states of Africa D. He believed the Africa could become a Great Power
 * __Black African Nationalism and Independence__**
 * 1. Freedom**
 * 2. Ghana**
 * 3. Anticolonial Rebellion in Kenya**
 * 4. Yellow Box**