Sugar,+Slavery,+Fur+Trading,+and+Christianity+and+Native+Religions+(681-686)+2

=Sugar, Slavery, Fur Trading, and Christianity and Native Religions (681-686)=

A. Portuguese empire in Brazil depended on production/ export of sugar and relied on African slaves as laborers. B. The Engenho C. Slavery
 * Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil **
 * __Engenho__: sugar mills. The term represents a complex of land, labor, buildings, animals, capital, and technical skills related to the production of sugar.
 * Depended on heavy labor for harvesting and planting AND on specialized skills of those who understood sugar-making progress for refined sugar.
 * Combined agricultural and industrial industries.
 * Owners of sugar mills became highest social position.
 * Colonists first tried to recruit native people, but they resisted. Diseases also reduced indigenous populations.
 * Turned to Africans for labor after 1530s
 * Working conditions were poor leading to high rates of disease and mortality so there was a high demand for slaves.
 * Sugar production was brutal: one ton of sugar cost one human life.

A. Spanish Missionaries in Mexico and Peru C. Virgin of Guadalupe D. French and English Missionaries
 * Christianity and Native Religions in the Americas **
 * Priests served as representatives of the crown and reinforced civil administrators.
 * Fransiscan missionaries founded schools to educate natives in Latin and Catholicism.
 * Missionaries learned native languages and studied their society to better educate them.
 * Many indigenous peoples continued to practice pagan traditions, but others adopted Christianity and looked to missionaries for spiritual guidance.
 * Became national symbol of Roman Catholic Christianity in Mexico after 1531
 * After appearing to a peasant, she gained reputation of performing miracles for those who visited her shrine.
 * Had less success because North American populations weren't settled in communities.
 * English colonists had little interest in converting indigenous peoples.
 * French missionaries had modest success along Mississippi and Ohio River valley.


 * Fur Traders and Settlers in North America **

The Fur Trade • The first European mariners fished. • Fur was more profitable. • Fur trade in North America started when fishermen traded with locals. • The fur trade boomed when the mariners found a short sea route through the hudson bay. • Native people got the fur then traded with Europeans for manufactured goods. Effects of the Fur Trade • Beaver population decreased a lot. • Natives moved to other territories which led to war between natives. • Native, European rivalries started when natives sided with european countries • Settler society • European settlers displaced native peoples. • Took hunting grounds for plantations Cash Crops • European cash crops didn't grow in North America • In Virginia they had the cash crop tobacco. • 1616 the settlers were shipping out massive amounts of tobacco. • In the 19th century they started to produce cotton. Indentured Labor • Plantations needed cheap labor. • First they brought indentured servants from Europe. (Orphans, criminals, unemployed) • They offered themselves for a passage across the Atlantic for new lives. • Many didn't succeed. Slavery In North America • 1619 North America started to bring over slaves. • 1661 Virginia passed the law saying all African Americans were slaves. • In the Northern colonies slavery wasn't prominent. • Slaves made the very profitable sugar for rum. • All North American colonies profited from the slave trade.