India+(1005-1008)

= Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America = Asian Paths to Autonomy Inda's Quest for Home Rule **Mohandas K. Gandhi** **The Indian Act**
 * ﻿Shanfei was the daughter of a wealthy Chinese landowner and lived a priveleged livestyle
 * Family adapted to new spirit of post war years
 * Challenges to the subservient position of women in particular
 * Went to school after father died and became popular as a student leader and a political leader later in life
 * Great Depression hurt struggles for national sovereignty, especially in Asia
 * Nationalsim and antimperialist movements gathered strength in the post war years
 * ﻿Nationalsim powerful force throughout Asia
 * Influenced by European ideologies
 * Japan used militarism and imperial expansion in the interwar years to enhance its national identity
 * Nationalism threatened British hold on India
 * Rail system united the country and allowed for efficient transportation
 * School system taught European values of democracy, individual freedom and equality, all things that undermined imperialism
 * Indian National Congress **
 * Founded in 1885
 * Before the Great War they cooperated to try and achieve independence, then after the war opposed the British
 * The Muslim League (1906) provided voice for Muslim minority in Hindu society
 * Indians supported British in WWI before food and supplies became scarce [[image:http://www.rschindler.com/ghandi.jpg width="205" height="254" align="right"]]
 * Indian Nationalists took ideas from Wilson's 14 Points and Lenin's appeal for a struggle by the proletariat and colonized peoples
 * Born in India in 1869, went to study law in London in 1888
 * 1893 he went to South Africa and became involved in the fight against racial segregation against the Indian community
 * Used Ahimsa (moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence) and Satyagraha ("truth and firmness")
 * believed in the virtue of simple living
 * British parliament enacted the Government of India Act-gave India the institutions of a self-governing state
 * Allowed for the establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in the provinces of British-India, bicameral national legislature, and the formation of executive arm under control of British Government
 * Went into effect in 1937[[image:http://www.banffcentre.ca/wpg/exhibitions/2001/0808_multiples/images/indian_act_o.jpg width="325" height="268" align="right"]]
 * Muslims feared that Hindus would dominate the national legislature-therefore the India Act was unworkable
 * Economic control by the Hindus had a severe impact on India during the Great Depression
 * Most indebted tenant farmers were Muslims and were unable to pay rents and debts (their landlords were mainly Hindus)
 * Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) a brilliant lawyer who headed the Muslim League
 * he warned that a unified India represented a threat to Muslim faith and its Indian community
 * Proposed 2 states; one was the "land of the pure" (Pakistan)
 * Made people realize that India's society was split by hostility between Hindus and Musilims which made unification a goal