The+African+Diaspora+(712-718)+2

=The African Diaspora (712-718) = Intro: The African Diaspora - the dispersal of African peoples and their descendants. They often resisted their bondage and formed hybrid cultural traditions that were a combination of African, European, and American traditions. Plantation Societies Intro: Spanish colonists first established plantations in modern day Haiti. Cash Crops = = Regional Differences Resistance to Slavery Slave Revolts Slavery and Economic Development
 * Many plantations focused on the production of sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton and coffee.
 * Elements they had in common - They all specialized in an agricultural product, they all relied on slave labor and a sharp racial division of labor.
 * A large amount of slaves from the slave trade went to the Caribbean.
 * In the Caribbean a lot of slaves died because of tropical diseases.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">On North American plantations supported slave families and that's why they imported more female slaves.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Some slaves resisted in small ways like by working slowly for the plantation and diligently for their own gardens.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Other slaves ran away and formed maroon communities in the mountains.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Maroon communities - Escaped slaves who form their own community with other slaves. They raid plantations for tools and to recruit other slaves.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Slave rebellions were usually rare but plantation owners were terrified of it.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The slave rebellions didn't lead to an end of slavery completely because of the Europeans having arms, horses and military forces.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Only in Saint Domingue did a slave revolt lead to the end of slavery and the Haitian revolution.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Because of slave labor the world was able to extract more minerals and build prosperous new societies to emerge into the modern era.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%;">The Making of African American Cultural Traditions <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Intro: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Slaves created their own traditions that were a mix of both African and American rituals.

<span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">African and Creole Languages
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In South Carolina 3/4 of the population was African slaves and they communicated in creole languages like Gullah and Geechee.

<span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">African American Religions <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">(Kevin)
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The slaves' languages and religions combined elements from different societies
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Some slaves shipped out of Africa were Christians and many other slaves converted to Christianity after their arrival to the western hemisphere
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Syncretic religions developed mainly in plantation societies
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Because these religions developed under conditions of slavery, they didn't create an institutional structure or make a hierarchy of priests and other church officials
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Popular syncretic religions among slaves: Vodou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, and Candomble in Brazil
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">All the syncretic, African-American religions drew inspiration from Christianity because they met in parish churches, they sought personal salvation, and they made use of European Christian property like holy water, candles, and statues
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The African-American religions associated African deities with Christian saints and relied on African rituals like drumming, dancing, and sacrificing animals
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">These religions also preserved beliefs in spirits and supernatural powers: magic, sorcery, witchcraft, and spirit possession all played important roles in African-American religions

<span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">African American Cultural Traditions
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Slaves introduced African foods to Caribbean and American societies and they helped give rise to distinctive hybrid cuisines
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Slaves intoduced rice cultivation to tropical and subtropical regions, including South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Slaves also built houses, fashioned clay pots, and wove grass baskets in west African styles

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%;">The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Intro: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The American and French revolutions stimulated the abolitionist cause. The American call for "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" and the French appeal for "liberty, equality, and fraternity" suggested that there was a universal human right to freedom and equality. <span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) from west Africa
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Most notable freed slave who contributed to the abolitionist cause by writing books that exposed the brutality of institutional slavery
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Captured at age ten in his native Benin (in modern Nigeria)
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Worked as a slave in the West Indies, Virginia, and Pennsylvania
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1789, he published an autobiography detailing his experiences as a slave and a free man
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">His efforts strengthened the antislavery movement in England

<span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Economic Costs of Slavery
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Plantations, slavery, and the slave trade continued to flourish as long as they were profitable, notwithstanding the efforts of abolitionists
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Possibility of rebellion forced slave societies to maintain expensive military forces
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In late eighteenth century, a rapid expansion of Caribbean sugar production led to declining prices and at the same time as African slave traders and European merchants were increasing the prices they charged for fresh slaves
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">As profitablility of slavery declined, Europeans began to shift their investments from sugarcane and slaves to newly emerging manufacturing industries
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Investors found that wage labor in factories was cheaper than slave labor on plantations
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">European investors realized that leaving Africans in Africa, where they could secure raw materials and buy manufactured goods in exchange, was good business

<span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">End of the Slave Trade
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In 1803, Denmark abolished trade in slaves, and other lands soon followed like Great Britain in 1807, the U.S. in 1808, France in 1814, the Netherlands in 1817, and Spain in 1845
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">End of legal commerce in slaves didn't abolish the institution of slavery itself
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">the British naval squadron sought to prevent the shipping of slaves across the Atlantic by patrolling the west coast of Africa conducting search and seizure operations
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The last documented ship that carried slaves across the Atlantic arrived in Cuba in 1867

<span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Abolition of Slavery
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Emancipation of all slaves came in 1833 in British colonies, 1848 in French colonies, 1865 in the U.S., 1886 in Cuba, and 1888 in Brazil.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Saudi Arabia and Angola abolished slavery in the 1960s
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Even today, millions of people live in various forms of servitude, like contract labor, servile marriages, debt bondage, and sham adoptions, mainly in Africa, south Asia, and Latin America

<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 150%;">Timeline

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1441: Beginning of the Portuguese slave trade <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1464-1493: Reign of Sunni Ali <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1464-1591: Songhay empire <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1506-1542: Reign of King Afonso I of Kongo <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1623-1663: Reign of Queen Nzinga of Ndongo <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1706: Execution of Dona Beatriz <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1745-1797: Life of Olaudah Equiano <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1793-1804: Haitian revolution <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1807: End of the British slave trade <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1865: Abolition of slavery in the United States