Western+Roman+Empire+2

Western Roman Empire Chapter 11 (and 12)

A.Era of peace in the Roman empire that brought economic/political integration. **-MH** B.From the first to the middle of the third centuty C.E. **-MH** C.The pax romana was during Augustus's reign. **-MH** D.Augustus ended civil disturbances throughout the empire. **-MH** E.Resulted in safe and easy travel within the empire. **-MH** F.Helped to spread ideas throughout the empire. **-MH**
 * __Pax Romana__**
 * 1.Pax Romana***

1.Story of Paul of Tarsus (55 B.C.E.)* A.Prisoner named Paul of Tarsus transported by ship from the port of Caesarea in Palestine to Rome by Roman guards. **-MH** B.Ship encountered violent storm and passengers/crew had to work to keep ship afloat. **-MH** C.Paul and his guards stuck on Malta for 3 months. **-MH** D.Paul originally was Jewish and from Anatolia but one day he receives a message from Jesus. He thens begins to support Christianity.-**MH** A.First emerged as a sect of Judaism.**-MH** B.Before 49 C.E. Christianity was just a different group of people with a different view of the Jewish faith. **-MH** C.Emperor Constantine became the Christian Church's greatest patron when he difintively assumed power in 312 (after the civil wars)-**MZ** D. Constantine ordered the construction of Chistian churches on a grand scale, granted them more lands to the curch and gave christian leaders the authority of civil judges.-**MZ** E.Had issues with the Roman government since Christians refused to worship the roman gods-**MZ** A.Rome had civil war in early first century B.C.E.-**MH** B.(83 B.C.E.) Sulla (Roman general that would become dictator who ruled from 83-78 B.C.E.) seized Rome and killed his enemies (10 thousand people killed during his 5 year rule). **-MH** C. Sulla seized Rome and killed his enemies (10 thousand people killed during his 5 year rule).-MZ D.During Sulla's rule he did not solve the most serious problem and poverty rose in cities and personal armies increased.-**MZ** E. Gaius Julius Caesar created a process that was used to replace republican constitution with centralixed imperial government.-**MZ** A.Multiple causes for the fall of the Roman empire. **-MH** B.Internal problems with external pressures weakened the empire and ended Roman authority in the western Roman empire. **-MH** A.26 people who took control between 235-284 C.E. **-MH** B.Faced internal opposition **-AD** C.Most of these emperors were generals who took control but only had it for a short time. **-MH** D.Most of the barracks emperors died violently **-AD** E.Faced problems because of the size of the empire **-AD** F.Roman empire became unmanageable because of epidemics throughout the empire and various regions of the empire became local, self-sufficient economies. **-MH** A.Reigned 284-305 C.E. **-MH** B.Divided the empire into 2 administrative districts (Eastern district: Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, Greece)(Western district: Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, north Africa). **-MH** -**MH** C.A coemperor, a powerful lieutenant helped Diocletian to rule the empire. **-MH** D.Strengthened the imperial currency, forced the government to adjust its expenditures to its income, and imposed price caps to dampen inflation. **-MH** E.Skillful administrator **-AD** F.Brought Rome's many armies under firm imperial force **-AD** G.Emperor Diocletian made substantial political and economic reforms. **-MH** A.Son of Diocletian's coruler Constantius. **-MH** B.(324 C.E.) He overcame his last rivals to become sole emperor. **-MH** C.Built a new city, Constantinople (Constantinople overlooked Bosporus (Bosporus was a strait linking the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and up to the easter Mediterranean)). **-MH** D.Tried to "undo" the governing system his father set by becoming a sole emperor **-AD** E.First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. **-MH** F.Constantine issued the Edict of Milan (legalized Christianity in the Roman empire). **-MH** **-MH**
 * __Christianity__**
 * 2.Christianity***
 * __Civil Wars__**
 * 1.Roman Civil War***
 * __The Fall of the Roman Empire__**
 * 1.Fall of Roman Empire**
 * __Internal Decay in the Roman Empire__**
 * 1.The Barracks Emperors**
 * 2.Diocletian**
 * 3.Constantine**

A.(Fifth century C.E.) Germanic invasions ended Roman authority in western half of Roman empire. **-MH** B.Visigoths (people who migrated to Rome from Scandanavia and Russia) adapted Roman laws to their society (Converted to Christianity and translate the Bible into the Visigothic language). **-MH** A.(Mid-fifth century C.E.) Warrior-king Attila made the Huns into an unstoppable military power. **-MH** B.(Under Attila) They invaded Hungary, probed Roman frontiers, menaced Gaul and northern Italy, and attacked Germanic peples on the borders of the Roman empire. **-MH** A.(410 C.E.) Visigoths stormed Rome. **-MH** B.(476 C.E.) Roman authority ended in western Roman empire. **-MH** C.Germanic general Odovacer ended the Roman authority by taking control from Romulus Augustulus (Romulus is the last of the Roman emperors in the western half of the empire). **-MH** D.Western Rome "dissolved" and different nomadic peoples formed different states (Spain, Gaul, Italy, etc.) **-AD**
 * __Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire__**
 * 1.Germanic Migrations**
 * 2.The Huns**
 * 3.Collapse of the Western Roman Empire**

__**Cultural Change in the Late Roman Empire**__ A.Mixing of Roman and Germanic traditions led to emergence of new society, medieval Europe. **-MH** A.Christianity was most prominent survivor of western Roman empire. **-MH** B.(Fourth century C.E.) Christianity was recognized as a legitimate religion in Roman empire. **-MH** C.Constantine converted to Christianity during his reign. **-MH** D.Mid-fourth century many Christians held powerful political and military positions, attracting many converts **-AD** A.354-430 C.E. **-MH** B.Bishop of the north African city of Hippo. **-MH** C.In 387 C.E., he converted to Christianity. **-MH** D.Worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophical traditions **-AD** E.His writings made Christianity a respectable alternative to Hellenistic philosophy and other religions of salvation **-AD** A.Christian leaders instituted a hierarchy of church officals. **-MH** B.Popes and bishops of important cities organized local government and defensive measures for communities. **-MH** C.Christianity remained foundation for cultural unity when western half of Roman empire collapsed. **-MH**
 * 1.Germanic Peoples**
 * 2.Prominence of Christianity**
 * 3.St**. **Augustine**
 * 4.The Institutional Church**

284-305 C.E.: Reign of Diocletian 313-337 C.E.: Reign of Constantine 313 C.E.: Edict of Milan and the legalization of Christianity in the Roman empire 325 C.E.: Council of Nicaea 451 C.E.: Council of Chalcedon 476 C.E.: Collapse of the western Roman empire
 * CHRONOLOGY-MH**

=//** Five Themes **//= A. Roman empire faced threat from migratory Germanic peoples a. Germanic invasions brought end to Roman authority in western half of empire (during 5th century C.E) b. Imperial rule survived for an additional millennium inj easter Mediterranean c. Germans migrated from north Europe and settled on eastern and northern borders of Roman empire since second century C.E B. Visigoths a. Originally from Scandinavia and Russia b. Adopted agriculture and drew deep inspiration from Roman society
 * __Interaction between humans and the environment__ **

** __Development and interaction of cultures__ ** A. Christianity began to increase in popularity B. Visigoths converted to Christianity and translated the Bible into their language C. The Germanic peoples who toppled the Roman empire adapted Roman law to their own needs a. This lead to medieval Europe (mingling Roman and Germanic traditions) D. In 312 Constantine had a vision that impressed upon him the power of the Christian God a. He believed He was how he prevailed over his rivals b. He converted to Christianity and in 380 C.E the emperor Theodosius proclaimed it the official religion of the Roman empire. E. Christians held important positions and imperial sponsorship helped their faith to attract more converts F. Most Christians were ordinary working people and their doctrine struck philosophers and educated elites as unsophisticated and unbelievable G. During the fourth century intellectual elites became interested in Christianity H. St. Augustine (354-430 C.E) was a bishop in the north African city Hippo a. Converted to Christianity in 387 b. His writings made Christianity intellectually respectable I. Christian leaders instituted hierarchy of church officials a. At the top were five religious authorities b. Bishop of Rome c. Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople d. The councils at Nicaea (325 C.E) and Chalcedon (451 C.E) determined that it would be believed that Jesus was both fully man and fully divine simultaneously

A. From 235 to 284 C.E there were at least twenty six claimants to the imperial throne a. This is known as the “barracks emperors b. Most were generals who seized power, heald it briefly, then lost it suddenly c. Most died violently B. Roman empire declined and fell because of many speculated reasons C. Diocletian, the emperor (284-305 C.E reign) divided the empire into two administrative districts a. Ruled by coemperor, lieutenant, and four officials (tetrarchs) D. Constantinople became capital of united Roman empire (After 330 C.E) a. Established by Constantine (son of Diocletian) E. Constantine reunited the Roman empires
 * __State-building, expansion and conflict__ **

A. Diocletian dealt with crumbling economy a. strengthened imperial currency b. forced government to adjust expenditures to its income c. imposed price caps to lower inflation d. This helped stabilize the economy
 * __Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems__ **

A. By 300 CE christianity was the most dynamic and influential religions in the Mediterranean dasin.-MZ Allie S
 * __Development and transformation of social structures__ **