Latin+America+(1020-1026)

=Latin America (1020-1026) __ wilcox rules!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! __=

**LATIN AMERICAN STRUGGLES WITH NEOCOLONIALISM (KV)**
 * 1) The impact of the Great War and the Great Depression
 * 2) Having gained independence in the nineteenth century, Latin American nations continued to struggle to achieve stability in the midst of interference from foreign powers
 * 3) **neocolonialism**: foreign economic domination and military intervention and interference in the workings of a nation's political system
 * 4) This new imperial influence emanated from wealthy, industrialized powerhouses such as the United States and Great Britain, not former colonial rulers
 * 5) The Great War and the Great Depression led to a reorientation of political and nationalist ideals in Latin America
 * 6) Marxism, Lenin's theories on imperialism, and concern for workers shaped the views of many intellectuals and artists
 * 7) Revolutionary doctrines come to be seen as viable political alternatives to Enlightenment-based liberalism
 * 8) In the 1920s, inspired by the Mexican and Russian revolutions, university students began to demand reforms such as more representation within the educational system
 * 9) Students become imbued with Marxist thought and anti-imperialist ideas as universities became training grounds for future political leaders such as Fidel Castro
 * 10) New political parties were formed that openly espoused communism or rebellious agendas for change
 * 11) In Peru, José Carlos Mariátegui embraced Marxism and in 1928 established the Socialist Party of Peru
 * 12) Numerous other radical political movements critical of Peru's ruling system emerged during the 1920s and 1930s
 * 13) Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre, who supported anti-imperialism and workers' rights, influenced the APRA, which advocated a non-communist alternative to existing political arrangements
 * 14) Diego Rivera and his radical artistic visions
 * 1) This Mexican artist, active in the Mexican Communist Party, blended artistic vision and radical political ideas in large murals created for public buildings, for the appreciation of working people
 * 2) Rivera's art provoked controversy in the United States, as his paintings, particularly //Imperialism//, visualized the economic dependency and political repressiveness engendered by U.S. neo-colonialism
 * 3) Rivera's art publicized the impact of U.S. imperialism and helped spread political activism in the Americas
 * 4) The evolution of economic imperialism
 * 5) The export-oriented economies of Latin American states had long been controlled by U.S. and British investors
 * 6) The main trend of neocolonialism of the 1920s was increasing U.S. control of economic affairs of Latin American countries
 * 7) From 1924-1929, investments of U.S. banks and businesses grew from $1.5 to $3.5 billion, mostly in mineral extraction and oil drilling enterprises
 * 8) U.S. President Taft argued for substitution of "dollars for bullets" in Latin America, promoting peaceful commerce over expensive military intervention.
 * 9) Critics referred to these policies as "dollar diplomacy"
 * 10) Such policies illustrate what Latin Americans perceived as "Yankee imperialism"
 * 11) Great Depression halted economic growth as prices for Latin American commodities plummeted
 * 12) Foreign capital investment fell and foreign trade was restricted but domestic manufacturing and internal economic development made important gains, as under the Vargas regime in Brazil, for instance
 * 13) Vargas experimented by implementing protectionist policies, which pleased industrialists and urban workers, and social welfare initiatives to benefit workers (end KV)
 * Conflicts with a "Good Neighbor"** (HC)
 * Pressures of the Great Depression & instability of global politics led to reassessment of U.S. foreign policy in Latin America in the late ‘20s & ‘30s.
 * Trying to rely more on “dollar diplomacy”, the U.S. policy makers approved “sweet-heart treaties”, that guaranteed U.S. financial control in the Caribbean economies.
 * U.S. Marines also provided training for police forces to keep the peace.
 * Became known as the “Good Neighbor Policy”.
 * Civil war broke out in Nicaragua in the 1920, and the US Marines had to keep intervening.
 * Augusto César Sandino – Nationalist & liberal general, refused to accept peace agreements leaving Marines on Nicaraguan soil.
 * The U.S. established the //Guarda Nacional//, in hopes of removing U.S. forces. Leading the Guarada Nacional was Anastacio Somoza.
 * Juan Batista Sacasa – Elected present in 1932.
 * After Sandino was murdered by the US National Guard, Somoza soon became president of Nicaragua.
 * Proved himself a “good neighbor” of the United States, and also helped his country collect their largest fortune, and establish a political dynasty that ruled for many decades.
 * Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized the oil industry, which tested President Roosevelt’s conciliatory approach to Latin American relations.
 * Negotiations resulted in foreign oil companies having to accept $24 million in compensation, as opposed to the $260 million they originally demanded.
 * The U.S. wanted to cultivate Latin American markets for exports, while distancing itself from the militarist behavior of Asian and European imperial powers.
 * U.S. wanted to gain support from Latin America, in the likely even of another global war.
 * Many Mexicans began migrating during and after The Great War, to search for agricultural and industrial work.
 * Thousands were deported during the Great Depression.
 * To help bring a more positive image to Latin America, Hollywood “adopted” Carmen Miranda, a Latin American singer and dancer.[[image:165237.jpg width="252" height="315" caption="Carmen Miranda - Known for her famously worn fruit hat. (HC)"]]
 * Began using Miranda’s image for the United Fruit Company to help in selling bananas.
 * Helped to give U.S. consumers a softer image of Latin America, and take away from Diego Rivera’s Imperialism.(HC end)

(The great depression made many people lose jobs) -AG (Above many people were left homeless because of the depression) -AG (José Carlos Mariátegui embraced Marxism) -AG (Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre supported anti-imperialism and workers' rights, influenced the APRA, which advocated a non-communist alternative to existing political arrangements) -AG (U.S. troops captured one of Augusto César Sandino's flag) - AG (Juan Batista Sacasa was Elected president in 1932.) -AG