B+-+The+Rise+of+Cities+(305-309)

The Rise of Cities (305-309)

 * Between 1850 and 1900, London's population more than doubled, rising from about 2.6 million people to more than 6.5 million.[[image:apworldhistorywiki/London Pop width="207" height="152" align="right"]]
 * The rapid population growth led to increased pollution and health problems.
 * Cities grew as rural people streamed into urban areas.
 * By the end of the century, European and American cities had begun to take on many of the features of today's cities.

**Medicine Contributes to the Population Expansion**

 * This rapid growth was not due to larger families.
 * Families in most industrializing nations had fewer children.
 * Death rate fell drastically due to improved nutrition.
 * Farming, food storage, and distribution methods improved.
 * Medical advancements and improvements in public sanitation also slowed death rates.

[[image:apworldhistorywiki/Robert Koch width="104" height="136" align="right" caption="Robert Koch"]]

 * Scientists had known of microscopic organisms since the 1600s.
 * Most doctors scoffed at the **Germ Theory** while others believed certain infectious diseases were caused by these microbes.
 * In 1870 French chemist **Louis Pasteur** clearly showed the link between microbes and disease.
 * Pasteur used his studies to develop vaccines against rabies and anthrax, he also discovered pasteurization; a process to kill microbes in milk.
 * In the 1880s, German doctor **Robert Koch** identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis, a disease that killed near 30 million people in the 1800s.
 * By 1914. yellow fever and malaria had been traced to microbes carried by mosquitoes.
 * With knowledge of germs, the population of Europe began to bathe and change clothes more often to improve hygiene.

Hospital Care Improves
> ========
 * In the early 1840s, anesthesia was first used during surgery.
 * Anesthesia allowed doctors to perform surgeries impossible before.
 * During the 1800s, hospitals were dangerous places; surgery was performed with dirty instruments in dank rooms. [[image:Joseph width="104" height="140" align="right" caption="Joseph Lister"]]
 * Many survivors of surgery went on to die of infection several days later.
 * Wealthy or middle-class patients insisted on being treated in their homes.
 * **Florence Nightingale** was an army nurse during the Crimean War, Nightingale insisted on better hygiene in filed hospitals.
 * After the war, she worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals, she also founded the world's first school of nursing.
 * English surgeon **Joseph Lister** discovered how antiseptics prevented infection, he insisted that surgeons sterilize their instruments.
 * Eventually, the use of antiseptics drastically reduced deaths from infection.

Checkpoint Question 1 - Which factors caused population rates to soar between 1800 and 1900?
The discovery of germs changed the way people thought about diseases; spurring scientists to find ways to kill microbes and develop vaccines to combat them. This revolution in hygiene caused the life expectancy to soar. Anesthesia allowed doctors to perform life-saving surgeries that would have been otherwise impossible.

City Life Changes[[image:apworldhistorywiki/London 1870 width="240" height="147" align="right"]]

 * As industrialization progressed, cities came to dominate the West.
 * City life underwent drastic changes in Europe and the United States.

City Landscape Changes

 * Growing wealth and industrialization altered the basic layout of European cities, city planners created spacious new squares and boulevards.
 * The most extensive **Urban Renewal**, or rebuilding of the poor areas of a city, took place in Paris in the 1850s.
 * Georges Haussmann, chief planner for Napoleon III, destroyed many homes to instead build wide boulevards and large public buildings.
 * The project put many people to work, decreasing the threat of social unrest.
 * In most American cities, the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor lived in slums near the city center, within reach of factories.
 * Sidewalks Sewers and Skyscrapers**[[image:apworldhistorywiki/skyscrapers.jpg width="240" height="150" align="right"]]
 * Paved streets made urban areas much more livable.
 * First gas lamps, and then electric street lights increased safety in cities.
 * Sewage systems made cities much healthier.
 * Clean water supplies and better sanitation methods were needed to combat epidemics of cholera and tuberculosis.
 * 1900: Architects were using steel to construct soaring buildings, known as Skyscrapers.
 * Slum Conditions**
 * Despite efforts to improve cities, urban life remained harsh for the poor.
 * Whole families were often crammed into a single room.
 * High rates of crime and alcoholism were a constant.
 * The Lure of the City**
 * Cities attracted millions.
 * New residents were excited by the promise of work.
 * Tourist were there for the action in the city.
 * Entertainment: music halls, opera houses and theaters.

**Checkpoint Question 2 - How did industrialization change the face of the cities?**
It changed the landscapes of cities as Georges Haussmann did to rebuild the poor areas of cities. It also made urban areas much more livable. Gas lamps and electric street lights lit up the night which increased safety. Industrialization also made sewage systems that made cities a much healthier place to live.

=The Working Class Advances=
 * Workeers try to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life
 * They protest low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, also the constant threat of umemployment
 * Buisness Owners, and Governments try to silence the protesters

Labor Union Begin to Grow

 * Workers formed mutual-aid societies, that were self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
 * By the late 1800's, most western countries had granted all men the right to vote
 * Also won the right to Organize unions to bargain on their behalf
 * Germany, Britain, Austria, and France legalized Labor Unions
 * The main tactic of Unions was the strike, or work stoppage.
 * Pressured by unions, reformers, and working class voters, governments passed laws to regulate working conditions
 * Laws were passed to outlawing child labor, and banning the employment of women in mines

Standards of Living Rise

 * Women recied less than half the pay of men doing the same work in the industrialized world
 * Periods of unemployment brought desperate hadships to undustrial workers and helped boost union membership
 * Overall, standards of living for workers did rise, the standard of living measurses the quality and availibility of necessities and comforts in a society
 * Families ate more varied diets, lived in better homes, dressed in inexpensive massed produced clothing, and advance in medicine improved health

Checkpoint Question 3 - How did workers try to improve their living and working conditions?
They protested low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, and the constant threat of unemployment.

Section 2 Quiz

 * Urban renewal is the building of rundown cities
 * Robert Koch was the scientist who discovered the cause of tuberculosis
 * Louis Pasteur if the scientist who linked microbes to diease
 * the mutual-aid society is the group who formed to aid sick or injured workers
 * germ theory if the idea that microbes cause illnesses
 * the main reason Europe's population grew in the 1800 is because the death rate fell
 * Florence Nightingale was a pioneer of hospital care, safety, and hygiene
 * Cities in the west changed during the 1800 because cities went under urban renewal
 * Workers responded to the harsh conditions of industrial life by forming unions and mutual-aid societies
 * Labor laws were passed in several countries to raise the standard of living
 * Labor laws were passed in several countries to raise the standard of living