Europeans+in+the+Pacific+(686-691)+2

= = = Early Capitalist Society (648-655) and Europeans in the Pacific (686-691) = = Early Capitalist Society =

__ Population Growth and Urbanization __

 * ===== Healthier diets due to Americas crops increased population =====
 * Potatoes was a source of carbohydrates for peasants who couldn't afford bread
 * Maize came from the Americas to feed live stock
 * New diets enables them to fight off diseases
 * Bubonic plague made occassional appearences but mostly died out by mid 17th century
 * Birth rates didn't rise much but death lessened causing increase in population
 * 1500 population of Europe and Russia was 81 million
 * During 1620-1650 (Thirty Years' War) population declined
 * In 1700 it rose to 120 million though
 * Cities that were government sites and commercial had increasing population

__Early Capitalism__
> The market where businessmen compete with each other and determines goods value is the center of a capitalist system
 * =====The economic growth due to increasing population and urbanization led to capitalism=====
 * Capitalism is an economic system when private companies make their goods and surfaces available on free market
 * Banks and investors supported private commercial owners since the postclassical era
 * Banks were major commercial sites in Europe holding funds and loaning out to merchants
 * Banks published magazines reporting prices and demand of products
 * Joint-stock companies like English East India Company and Dutch VOC took commerce to a new level
 * Capitalism was supported by government
 * Government authorized joint-stock companies to explore, conquer, and colonize distant lands

__Protoindustrialization__
GG
 * Capitalist entrepreneurs bypassed guilds by moving production to the countryside (17th and 18th century)
 * This organized a "putting-out system" when they delivered unfinished materials to rural households
 * Entrepreneurs then paid the workers picking up the finished product and sold them
 * This saved entrepreneurs money with labor and getting them large profits
 * The putting-out system was prominent in the European society until industrial factories rose in the 19th century

__**Social Change in Early Modern Europe**__ Serfdom in Russia Profits and Ethics The Nuclear Family C.O. The Ptolemaic Universe Planetary Movements The Copernican Universe Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton A.S.
 * Putting-out system introduced sums of money into countryside
 * Increased wealth brought meterial benefits
 * Peasants got more cabinets, furnishings, and tableware
 * Individuals aquired incomes that enabled them to economic and financial interests
 * Romanov tsars restricted freedoms of Russian peasants in concern of retaining the allegiance of powerful nobles
 * Serfdom was a labor system that required peasants to provide services for landowners
 * Serfdom came to an end after 15th century in Europe but survived in Russia until 19th century
 * Government of Russia introduced law code that made a tight state control over Russianlabor force in 1649
 * Landlords sold serfs like they were private property
 * Midieval theologians considered profit making as morally dangerous
 * Churches attempted to forbid collection of interset on loans
 * Adam Smith (1723-1790) was most important apostle of capitalism
 * He said society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests
 * Capitalist economic practices generated deep social strains, bandits, muggers, and which-hunting
 * Strengthened by capitalism
 * Offered opportunities for independent families to increase wealth by cultivating agricultural crops
 * Families became more independent economically, socially, and emotionally
 * Love between men and women became important and interaction between parents and children became important family life aspect
 * __Science and Enlightenment__**
 * Astronomers and physicists rejected the classic Greek and Roman ideas
 * New ideas were based off of observations and mathematical reasoning
 * 17th and 18th century, Scientific studies were prominent
 * Results of the scientific revolution were so powerful that they overhauled moral, social, and political ideas and replaced them with scientific methods
 * This challenged the church
 * The Reconception of the Universe**
 * Until the 17th Century, their understanding of the universe was based on Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria, who was a greek philosopher
 * Mid-2nd Century, Ptolemy composed the //Almagest,// which synthesized theories about the universe
 * Ptolemy thought the world was motionless surrounded by nine hallow spheres that revolved around the earth
 * The first seven spheres were heavenly bodies. The sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The 8th sphere was spheres and 9th was an empty
 * Beyond the spheres, Christians believed the heaven were
 * Cosmology didn't match with the erratic movements of planets
 * From earth, planets followed regular courses in the sky. The motions would be difficult to explain if they revolved around the earth
 * He wanted to explain the planets orbits were perfect circle
 * 1543, Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus published //On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres// that disproved the Ptolemaic theory
 * Copernicus said that the sun was the center and the planets revolved around it.
 * People didn't want to accept the theory because it threatened religious beliefs.
 * Theory implied earth was just another planet and that humans weren't the center of universe and my not be the only people in the universe
 * The Scientific Revolution**
 * Copernicus inspired other astronomers to examine the universe
 * Johannes Kepler proved that planet's orbits were elliptical not circular.
 * Galileo showed that heavens weren't an unblemished realm
 * Disproved theory that everything in the universe was smooth and saw craters on the sun and moon
 * Found that Jupiter had four moons and that the universe was much larger than thought
 * 1642-1727, English Mathematician
 * Until 20th Century, Newton's theories were unquestioned and was the framework of physical science.
 * He inspired the discoveries of astronomers and physicists.
 * Brought about the method of finding scientific discoveries through the use of mathematics

AUSTRALIA
Dutch Exploration
 * Europeans had speculated about an Australian continent since the second century C.E.
 * Portuguese mariners had most likely charted parts of Australia by the 1520s
 * Dutch sailors made the first recordings of Australia in 1606
 * Dutch mariner Jan Carstenzs reported that Australia was completely barren in 1623
 * Dutch continued to scout various areas of Australia

British Exploration
 * The east coast was last to be explored in 1770 by James Cook
 * Mariners had little contact with aboriginal peoples
 * The first colony was established at Sydney in 1788
 * They were British convicts who herded sheep
 * The first free settlers did not come until the 1830s

THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
Spanish Voyages
 * Magellan enountered the only populated islands at the Marianas in 1521
 * Spanish mariners found little reason to explore the Pacific Islands
 * Occasional visits by galleons occurred at the islands, including Hawaii

Spanish interest in Guam
 * Their only main interest was Guam, where galleons stopped for provisions
 * Had peaceful trade with the Chamorro people
 * Spaniards decided to consolidate Guam and the Marianas in the 1670s and 1680s
 * Smallpox decimated Chamorro people
 * Spanish had conquered the islands and established garrisons by 1700

Visitors and Trade
 * Trade with the local groups was originally infrequent
 * After 1767, trade picked up in the Pacific Islands, particularly Tahiti
 * Most trade was peaceful

Hawaii
 * James Cook landed at Hawaii in 1778
 * Cook was able to communicate with Hawaiians due to familiarity with Polynesian languages
 * Traded with the Hawaiians: iron wares for pigs and provisions, also diseases
 * Revisited in 1779, not a warm welcome, was killed in a skirmish

J. BAUER