Japan+(pre-history+-+1600+CE)+2

=__//Korea, Vietnam, and Japan (pre-history - 1600 CE) //__=

=**China Influence in East Asia **=
 * Chinese army periodically invaded Korea and Vietnam.
 * Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were separate identities from China but still were influenced by the Chinese.


 * Chinese governance changed institutions in Korea, Vietnam, Japan



Korea and Vietnam
-with later Tang Dynasty, the Chinese military campaigning began __#|again__ -Vietnam and Korea responded to Tang invasion differently
 * The Qin an d Han Chinese army invaded Vietnam and Korea, but as the Han weakened, the Vietnam and Korean people ousted them.

A. The Silla Dynasty -In order to avoid long conflict, both sides compromised: Korea would declare the Chinese their overlords but remain mostly independent keeps good relationships with China Kowtow:  " in traditional China, the act of supplication made by an inferior to his superior by kneeling and knocking his head to the floor. This prostration ceremony was most commonly used in religious worship, by commoners who came to make a request of the local district magistrate, and by officials and representatives of foreign powers who came into the presence of the emperor...To representatives of foreign countries seeking trade and relations with China, performance of the kowtow before the emperor signified their countries’ acknowledgement of the Chinese emperor as the “son of heaven” ( //tianzi //) and of China as the Central Kingdom (Zhongguo) in the world." Encyclopedia Britannica
 * During 700 CE, the Tang conquered lots of Korea, before the native Korean Silla people could prevent Chinese domination.
 * The leaders of both the Tang and Silla thought the war was long and costly.
 * There was a tributary relationship:.
 * Silla kings gave gifts and kowtow to China.

To representatives of foreign countries seeking trade and relations with China, performance of the kowtow before the emperor signified their countries’ acknowledgement of the Chinese emperor as the “son of heaven” ( //tianzi //) and of China as the Central Kingdom (Zhongguo) in the world.

-China often gave more valuable gifts back to Korea -opened the chance for Koreans to trade in China

B. China Influence in Korea -created a similar construct in Korea -Embassies (officials who delivered tribute) studied Confucianism and brought it back-scholars took Chinese books to Korea - Cofucianism was popular among the ruling elite -Chad Buddhism offering individual salvation was liked by the peasants -more aristocrats and royal houses in Korea -lacked the Chinese merit-based bureaucracy in Korea -political initiative firmly in hands of ruling __#|classes__ in Korea
 * Korean officials observed China's culture.
 * Confucianism was adopted by the Koreans-.
 * Chinese Buddhism gained in interest.
 * Korea still had differences with China:

C. China and Vietnam -spirited resistance from the Nam Viets, as the Chinese called them, who were around the __#|Red__ river -angered at how the Tangs wished to absorb Vietnam -adopted agricultural, irrigation, schooling, and administration techniques -took on Confucian texts -Became like Korea, a tributary to China -10th century CE, gained independence with fall of Tang -native population kept indigenous religions -women had prominent roles, unlike patriarchal China-
 * Relationships when China invaded Vietnam were more tense than when China invaded Korea
 * Vietnamese were still influenced by China greatly
 * Nevertheless, the Vietnamese still revolted because they resented Chinese rule
 * Vietnamese still is a separate identity from china.

D. Chinese Influence in Vietnam -Like Korea, Vietnam absorbed Chinese culture, showing how important China was culturally in East Asia
 * They borrowed administrative techniques and the bureaucratic government
 * Ruling __#|classes__ took lessons in Confucian education

Early Japan
-first,nomads were nomads from Northeaster Asia, they crossed a land bridge during an ice age -These nomads had a culture and language from their parent society in Northeast Asia -Later, Koreans migrants came in waves, bringing bronze, iron, rice, and horses -Gradually, an agricultural society emerged with small states dominated by aristocratic clans -At the middle of the 1st millennium Ce, several dozens states ruled
 * The Chinese never invaded Japan but still influences Japan.
 * The migration to Japan came in steps.

Taika Reforms -"Set of doctrines established by Emperor Kotoku in the year 645. They were written shortly after the death of Prince Shotoku and the defeat of the Soga Clan, uniting Japan. Crown Prince Naka no Ōe (who would later reign as Emperor Tenji), Nakatomi no Kamatari, and Emperor Kōtoku jointly embarked on the details of the Reforms. Emperor Kōtoku then took the name "Taika", or "Great Reform"". -"The Reform began with land reform, based on Confucian ideas and philosophies from China, but the true aim of the reforms was to bring about greater centralization and to enhance the power of the imperial court, which was also based on the governmental structure of China. Envoys and students were dispatched to China to learn seemingly everything from the Chinese writing system, literature, religion, and architecture, to even dietary habits at this time. Even today, the impact of the reforms can still be seen in Japanese cultural life." OS- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taika_Reform

OS: Yamato by Cambridge appeared on the Nara plain of central Japan A.D. 250 and 300 -for __#|next__ three centuries, passed through successive stages of vigor, expansion, and disruption -kings burried in mounds -not much is known about this period

A. Nara Japan -1 clan took precedence, and set imperial authority down with imperial reform -OS Shsu: this powerful clan emerged as a kingly line and later as the imperial family in Yamato, which is also used as a name for ancient China, in addition to the aformentioned exerpt -Tang-styled court, bureaucracy, equal-field judging, and official support for Confucianism and Buddhism -in 710 CE, the city of Nara (near present day Kyoto) is made the capital, a replica of the Tang capital Chang'an -710 CE Empress Gemmei established a new capital Heijo-kyo at Nara in Yamato Province. OS (Heijo-kyo was the name of the capital, at Nara. Heijo-kyo was replicated after Chang'an) -the Nara period (710-794 CE) was the period of most Chinese influence -Nara was the new capital, located south of modern day Kyoto OS -Nara was replicated after the Chinese Tang Dynasty's capital of Chang'an Location of Nara relative to Kyoto and other modern day citites
 * The Sui and the Tang dynasties in China made Japan feel that an imperial government was of value
 * With this clan, Japan became similar to China in many ways.

-China, Korea and India introduced foreign cultures through the silk road OS -they would still observe Shinto rites, the indigenous religion revolving around veneration of ancestors and a host of nature spirits and deities. -Shinto was a religion based off of the veneration of ancestors and nature spirits -Shinto had no known founder or single sacred text. It was devoted to life in this world and emphasizes man's good. OS: http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/ -Shinto is about the worship of kami, simply translated as spirits. However, they are more complex. They can be elements of nature or forces of nature. They live close to humans and respond to prayers, affected natural forces and human events. They can either be beings or properties of beings. Everything has kami, but only those objects are that show their kami in a striking way are kami. So kami is the sacred or mystical element in almost anything. But kami are not divine beings: they are mostly spirits/essenses/forces of nature/ humans after death. Some Shinto experts say that kami are hard to understand because humans have difficulty understanding or getting close to kami. Important kami: Amaterasu: Kami of Sun, greatest of all and ancestor of the imperial family. Benten: Female kami with Hindu origins, associated with the arts. OS: http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/beliefs/kami_1.shtml - Shinto coexists with Buddhism and Confucianism, and so has intertwining ethic systems in Japanese culture. There are no set commandments or law, just live the way of the kami, or in order to maintain a good relationship with the kami. However, kami make mistakes, so there is no set laws. There are no moral absolutes: the good or bad of an action is based on the context of when it occurs. Finally, good is default condition of humankind. OS: http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/shintoethics/ethics.shtml *Experience of Heian, Kamakura, and Muromachi periouds illustrate how Japan remained distinctive -794 CE, court is moved to Heian that drew distinct Japanese traditions
 * Still, Japan is independent.
 * -**794 CE emperor Kammu traveled by carriage from Nara to the new capital of Heian-kyō in a grand procession. This marked the beginning of the Heian Era. OS

-Kasuga Grand Shrine (Shinto Shrine) Located in ancient Nara OS B.Heian -Japan emporers mostly figureheads and authority symbols -Heian Period 794-1185 CE -since 9th ccenturey, there has been a split between a publicly recognized imperial authority and a separate agent of rule The original behind the scenes rulers were the aristocratic Fujiwara family -The Fujiwara family monopolized the positions of sessho and kampaku for much of the period, holding politically power that gradually eroded with time and political change. OS: http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Fujiwara_clan.html -The titles of Sessho and Kampaku were government positions, the Sessho was the regent and the Kampaku was the chief advisor. These positions had great political power. -The Fujiwara eventually lost their power as the rise of the warrior class and the abolishment of the sessho-kampaku system in the Meiji era OS: http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Fujiwara_clan.html -ruling parties and factions have come and gone, but the imperial house survives - Literature, Education, Records, Official Business, were all in Chinese. Japanese writers borrowed some Chinese characters and writing styles

C. The Tale of Genji -Aristocratic women in the Heian times made most Japanese literature, as they rarely got a formal Chinese education -The Tale of Genji, by Murasaki Shikipu, tells of a fictitious imperial prince named Genji, who living a rich life style, became refined, mixing perfumes, composing verses, and wooing sophisticated women -It has over 12, 000 words and nearly 800 poems. OS: http://webworld.unesco.org/genji/en/about.shtml -offers meditation on the passing of time as Genji reflects on past relationships - Because she knew little Chinese, Shikibu contributed greatly to Japanese literature as she could only write in Japanese D. Decline of Heian Japan -the equal-field fell into disuse,and aristocratic clans accumulated wealth and land -by late 11th century, two clans, the Minamoto and Taira went to war -Minamoto won in 1185 -they installed the leader as shogun-a military governor ruling in place of the emperor - city at Kamakura (modern day Tokyo)

Medieval Japan

 * Between the Kamakura and Muromachi periods was Japan's medieval period.

A. Political Decentralization -During this period Japanese culture became more distinctive: -In Kamakura (1183-1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573 CE), decentralized political order where provincial lords had effective power and authority in local regions where controlled land and economic affairs -strayed away from bureaucratic gov. style - Etiquette and courtesy were replaced by military talent and discipline

B. The Samurai -The Samurai (mounted warrior) played important role in this new culture -specialized warrior, used by provincial lords to enforce authority -supported with agricultural surplus, freed of obligations to feed, clothe and house themselves and family to focus on hunting, riding, archery, martial arts, etc. -Like European Knight, the Samurai served lords by establishing and claiming military rule. In return, the Samurai received food, shelter, and a peasant labor -The samurai were greatly similar in concept to the European knights, as such they had the samurai equivalent to the code of chivalry, or bushido. Bushido was influenced by Confucianism, Zen, Buddhism, and Shintoism. It focused on rectitude, courage, benevolence, respect, honesty, honor and loyalty. OS -Honor was very important, and if lost, samurai could only regain honor through seppuku (suicide)

Five Themes:
=State-building and Conflict= Tang dynasty of China invaded Vietnam and Korea as part of their military campaigning. Native Silla rulers of Korea made compromise with invading Chinese, Chinese retreat if Koreans recognize Chinese as overlords. Korea mostly independent region, but very respectful towards China. Sent gifts and tribunes to China. Korea emulated China's bureaucratic, administration style, placed more emphasis on royal houses and aristocrats. Vietnamese adopted many of China's agricultural, irrigation, schooling, and administration techniques. Vietnamese revolted, and in the 10th century CE, they gained independence as the Tang dynasty fell were able to resist further invasions. Japan was not invaded by China, and adopted the imperial nature of China in 7th century. Clan took over, starting the Nora Japan, which led into the Heian, Kamakura, and later, the Muromachi.

=Development/Transformation of Social Structures= -Women in Vietnam had more prominent roles unlike China. -Aristocratic clan of Fujiwara in Japan controlled affairs with influence over imperial house and manipulated them. -Korean society was more dominated by aristocrats and ruling families.

=Human/Environment Interactions= -During Tang Dynasty (7th cent. CE) China invaded Korea and Vietnam (then called Nam Viet). -Each nation built ideas off of one another, but also stayed very independent. = = =**Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems**=
 * -**During Nara period, trade with India, China, and Korea along with the Silk Road helped spread culture

=Development and Interaction of Cultures= -China heavily influenced Japan -Japanese believed in the veneration of ancestors and also adopted Confucian and Buddhist traditions

=**Outside Sources:**= http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Japan.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuga-taisha http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heij%C5%8D-ky%C5%8D http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Gemmei http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/d/g/dga11/HS10_19_heian_maps.htm http://www.wou.edu/las/socsci/history/Senior%20Seminar%20Thesis%20Papers%20HST%20499/2009/Joe%20Lovatt%20HST%20499.pdf