Changing+Society+During+the+Industrial+Revolution+2


 * Changing Society During the Industrial Revolution (831-836) **

Industry and Society a. Industrialization changed social structures -Society did not favor slave labor > Slaves were poor and did not consume industrial products -Preferred free wage laborers who spent money on products a. 1st Businesspeople became very wealthy, b. 2nd Middle Class were small business owners, engineers, accountants, skilled employees, teachers, physicians, and attorneys c. 3rd Workers that tended to machines or did heavy labor for low wages, miner -Working class influenced politics by mid nineteenth century a. In preindustrial societies the family was the basic productive unit -Family members worked together and contributed to the welfare of the larger group b.Industrialization challenged the family economy and reshaped family life by moving work outside the home which led to a sharp distinction between family life and work life -During early years of industrialization mothers, fathers, and children all pooled their wages and even worked together in factories -Overtime it became less common for family to work in groups a. Men became more responsible and increased their stature from industrial age -Bulk of money in family came from the men -Gained more prestige at home b. Professional Men became more dedicated towards improving themselves and work -Read books, attended lectures on business and cultural themes -Became more discipline towards workers -Through support for churches and sunday schools, factory owners sought to persuade the worked to adopt middle class norms or respectability and morality -The industrial workers resisted their owners disciplinary actions and pursued their own interest still, like gambling, dog/chicken fights, baseball etc. middle and upper class men tried suppressing these activities with urban police forces but this usually did not succeed. a. Women could do both roles of working at factories and home considering they were usually close to each other b. Industrial age encouraged women to just stick at home and raise the children and take care of the house c. Women started to realize that they were the "weaker vessel" and cherished their work to take care of their family traditions, home, children and husband d. Woman increasingly became domestic servants and sometimes had to move from rural areas to a long distance away in a kind of adventure. Their employers became their guardians. e. Usually sent their earnings home unless they used it for accomplishing their own goals a. Children had to work in factories and were basically treated like slaves, rules began to pass to limit the amount of work and they way they were treated. b. Parents needed their kids wages to survive so they kept sending them to mills and factories to work. c. Laws began to pass for certain education to be needed in order to work in factories
 * New Social Classes**
 * Industrial Families**
 * Men and Industrial life**
 * Women**
 * Childhood**

The Socialist Challenge

A. During the early stages of industrial society the most influental critics were socialists.

- Socialists worked to get rid of inequalities in industry, in wages between captain of industry and the factory laborers.

- Socialists wanted to expand Enlightenment understanding of equality.

- Wanted to have equality in the economic as well as political, legal, and social dimensions.


 * Utopian Socialists **

a. Early socialists like, Charles Fourier and Robert Owen were often called utopian socialists.

b. Fourier, a salesman, called for social transformations that would better serve mankind.

c. Planned communities held together by love rather than coercion, force, in which everyone performed work in accordance with personal temperament and inclination.

d. Owen, a bussinessman, transformed a scottish cotton mill town into a model industrial community.

e. Owen, raised wages, reduced workday from 17 hours to 10, built spacious housing, and opened stores that sold goods at fair prices.

f. The mills in the scottish town, New Lanark, still made profit.

g. Owen also focused children, he kept children out of factories and sent them to school. All of these things left a lasting effect on socialist tradition.

h. Utopian socialist ideas were more widely resonated in the 19th century.


 * Marx and Engels **

a. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were the most prominent of the 19th century socialists. Both German theorists.

b.The two men didn't agree with utopian socialists.

c. They believed that social problems were results of a capitalist economy.

d.They said that capitalism divided people into two main classes, each class had economic and social status,: The capitalists (Owners of factories, etc.) and proletariat

, (workers).

e. Marx and Engels had the theory that police forces and courts of law were put into place to keep capitalists in power. Also said that music, art, liturature, and religion served

the purpose of the capitalists.

**The Communist Manifesto**

a. Engels and Marx wrote the manifesto togeather.

b. They took the side of the communists, who worked towards the abolition of private property and institution of a radically egalitarian society.

c. The manifesto argured that history has been a battle of social classes and that the future was in the hands of the working class.

d. Marx and Engles believed that a socialist revolution would end in a dictatorship of the proletariat. And after the revolution the state would wither away.

e. Thus socialism would lead to fair, just and egalitarian society.

f. Socialist disagreed, Engels and Marx wanted workers to sieze control, but others wanted to put people with the same beliefs in legislature.


 * Social Reform **

a. Socialists didn't win contorl of any government unitil Russia in 1917 but did get authorites to provide security for the working class.

b. Parliment put in restirictions like, no underground employment for women, children under the age of 10 and children under the age of 9 couldn't work more than 9 hours.

c. Parliment expanded franchise for men by reducing property qualifications.

d. Removed policies that showed inequalites between rural areas and growing cities of industrial societies.


 * Trade Unions **

a. Trade Unions struggled to implament higher wages and better working conditions for members.

b. Most people in the 19th century considered trade unions illegal associations.

c. Union members would go on strike causing violence, prompting government to send police or military to maintain order.

d. Trade unions did finally improve lives of working people and reduced the likelyhood of a revolution.

e. Main purpose was to make employers more aware of how to treat their employees.

FIVE THEMES

 * Interactions between humans and the environment **

__** Demography **__

-Families worked together for the better of the group, over time, there was a distinction between family life and work life

-Society structure > 1 Captains of Industry, Enterprising Businesspeople

2. small business owners, services, skilled employees

3. working class

-Encouraged women to stay home and raise children and manage the home


 * __ Patterns of Settlement __**

-Before industrialization, most people lived in rural areas -

-industrialization brought more urbanization

__**Technological and Cultural Advancements**__

Less slavery, economics of industry didn't favor slave labor -New social classes, wealthy, middle class (higher paid workers) and working class. -Changed family structure, separated families -Trade unions attempted to improve wages and conditions for workers, sought to make employers aware of employees' needs. __** - **__

**__Gender Roles__** -Men carried out the majority of industrial work whereas women did domestic chores, some light industrial work -Wages earned by men supported families -Men gambled, watched sporting events, and held dogfights in free time -When industry went from home to factory, women couldn't work and care for children at once, so raising children and managing the home were encouraged -With the rise of industry, families became separated with men at factories and women at home -Children were sent to factories to support families, beaten while working -Due to the need for an educated labor force, laws were passed for children to be educated before beginning working - Men had industrial jobs, which were seen as more important than home jobs that women held

-Industrialization caused a change in women's jobs, as jobs weren't close to home and they would have to leave their children to go to work

-Baseball, soccer and gambling became popular among men

__** Family and Kinship **__ -

Men sought to instill good values in work force and families

-Women stayed home to take care of families and perserve family values/structure

-Children had factory jobs, but by 1840s parliament passed child labor laws

__** Social and Economic Classes **__ -High ranking business people were the wealthiest class -Many socialists had problems with the huge wealth gap between business people and workers -Socialists wanted an equitable society -Robert Owen raised wages and reduced the work dat in New Lanark, and kept young children out of factoried and sent them to schools -Karl Marx wrote //Manifesto of the Communist Party//, stated that he wanted private property abolished and egalitarian society he also said human history has been a struggle between social classes