Han+China+2

__Han China__
= Chp. 8 The unification of China MF = - Sima Qian=Chinese historian, wrote a massive book of 130chps of the history of china - suffered castratian and disgrace for speaking out until his death in 90 b.c.e - wrote on many things such as consoluted court document of previouse dynastys, then his own age, bioghrafical sketches on notable figures & neighboring states China conducted with - ideas of Confucians, Daoists and legalist all emerged from end of the Zhou dynasty and period of warring states -china unified under legalist ideas adopted by the Qin and Han dynastys > lasted 450 yrs - dyanstys built roads, common written language, education system off of confucanism - hans political stability is based of agricultual properity, allowed development of silk and iron industrys - Han eventually fell to civil unrest

In Search of Political and Social Order
-during period of warring states= cultural flowering - sought to restore political order + indivisual tranquility - confucianism, Daosim, Legalism

** Confucius and His School **
- Kong fuzi <551-479> first to want an __#|answer__ to political and social order in straight forward & self-conscious way - " Master Philosopher Knog" - worked in the Lu court of N China - toaught and spread his ideas in travel around china looking for a better job -pupils and disciple put all of the masters sayings and teachings into book = Analects - did not dwell on questions of religion, gov.structure or philosphoy -thought good gov.+ well __#|educated__, moral people to fill position - these peopel = Juzi ' superior people" - lasked established educational system so they studied works of Zhou time ex. book of rites -these Zhou works became traditional chinese educaion from 5th c b.c.e - early 20thc c.e

Confucian Values
- needed stong moral intergrety and ability to make wise/fair judgments - ren=courtious, respectful, diligent, loyal< needed in gov. officials> -Li= propriety,courtesy, sepcial respect to elders - Xiao= filial piety, hight importance of family, kids need to support elders, and honor and remember them after death - very flexibel and abel to adapt to the times= longevity

Important followers
-2 imp. disciples Mencius< 372-289bce> and Xunzi< 298-238bce> - Mencius worked in waring states and advised rulers, believed ren was imp. and lower __#|taxes__, no wars and higher education= harmony; believed humans were mostly good - Xunzi= liked Li, strong discipline and order; believed people were mostly bad and needed rules to turn them good = Daoism = - critics of confusiose, focused on reflection and introspection to understand natural principles - founded by Sage Laozi 6th century BCE= contributed to //Daodejing//( classics of way & virtue) book of daoist traditons __#|next__ was the book //Zhuangzi// made by philosopher Zhuangzi (369-286BCE) - Dao= the way of nature/cosmos, should be passive and yeilding and leav politics and ambition - wuwei= disengagment from the competitive and active world, no advanced education or personal striving - simple and in harmanoy with nature - p'u= untouched by humans - could be confucioust by day and daoist at night -Considered in pointless to waste time and energy on problems that defied a solution -Believed that over a long term all the beliefs would bring harmony to the society as a whole

= Legalism = - neither conf. activism or doaism retreat helped the warring states - legalism introduces practical and ruthless efficient approach to statecraft - all attention to the state and strengthening and expanding -Strength came from Agriculture and Armed forces - didn't care for conf. ethics and morals of doaism principle of humans place in the universe - doctrine written by political men of late fouth century - one man is Shang Yang ( 390-338 BCE) - minister to duke of Qin in W china - wrote book of Shang Yang; killed when duke fell - most systematic lagalist= Han Feizi ( 280-233 BCE) student of confucian scholar Xunzi - made collection of powerful essays on statecrft ;also worked under the duke but was killed - encouraged armed forces and agriculture - stict laws and punishment to keep order - expect family and community to turn people in if the were working agianst the state, or the community would be punished - not very popular but unified China

The Unification of China DH
During the Period of Warring States, many regional states adopted legalist values -especially the Qin Dynasty Qin dominated all of its neighbors -imperial rule throughout China -Qin only lasted a few years The __Qin Dynasty__ DH -Economic, political and military development in 4th and 3rd centuries BCE **Shang Yang encouraged peasant cultivators to migrate to less populated areas of the state -gave peasants large land plots and allowed them to have generous profits -agriculture boosted -granting land plots to peasants wea kened the economic position of aristocrats -allowed centralized beuracratic rule over their state

The Kingdom of Qin DH
-devoted wealth from agriculture to organization of a strong military -military had effective iron weapons 3rd Century BCE, Qin is growing at expense of other states -attacked states, absorbing them into their own centralized structure -finally brought all of China under rule of one state for the first time -First Emporer, Qin Shihuangdi reigned from 221 to 210 BCE -dissolved because of political insurrections -Established centralized imperial rule and provided large scale political organization -disarmed regional militaries -built roads for communication and the movement of his armies -ordered that the pre-exsisting walls in the North be connected so Nomadic peoples wouldnt enter (Great Wall)
 * 221 BCE, King of Qin proclaims himself as the __First Emporer__

Resistance To Qin Policies DH
Confucians, Daoists, and others criticized the way new regime Qin Shihuangdi ordered for all those who criticized his regime to be executed -Demanded burning of all books of philosophy, history, ethics, and literature -Kept books of utilitarian value (Fortune Telling, agriculture, and medicine) -Kept books of Qin History

The Burning of the Books DH
Qin Shihuangdi burned 460 scholars alive for criticizm of regime -placed others in dangeroud military positions When it was safe to speak openly scholars recreated books -had to hide books -some works were completely forgotten

Qin Centralization DH
-roads and bridges encouraged economic integration -roads made with military uses in mind, but the peoples used them for commerce as well
 * Qin Shihuangdi made uniform laws, currencies, __weights__, and measures

Standardized Script DH
-had different spoken languages, but the same written language -ex. use same symbols for same meanings but pronounce them in different ways -broke down lingustic boundaries
 * First Emperor (Qin Shihuangdi) standardized Chinese writing

Tomb of the First Emperor DH
Died in 210 BCE -buried with rare and expensive goods as well as slaves and craftsmen who helped build the tomb -rigged the tomb with crossbows and traps -floor was a map of realm, and mercury was the water -army of life sized pottery soldiers guard the emperor, called the terra-cotta army In 207 BCE, revolts began and Qin dissolved in chaos
 * -**7000 laborers made his tomb, which was an underground palace lined with bronze

__ Liu Bang DH __
normal and uncharismatic -persistent and methodical -206 BCE restored order in China and established himself as new head of the dynasty Called dynasty the HAN Dynasty -Most influential dynasty -lasted for 400 years, from 206 BCE to 220 CE -short usurpor displaced the Han rule from 9 - 23 CE, divided into Former Han and Later Han **During the Former Han, Chang'an was where the emperors ruled from -used wood as building materials -imperial palaces, busy markets and large parks -other dynasties built over their cities, so nothing survives -During Later Han, capital was Luoyang

Early Han Policies DH
**Liu Bang tried to balance a decentralized network of political alliances (Zhou) with cerntralized imperial rule of the Qin** Both ways of ruling had problems -Decentralization of Zhou encouraged political chaos (regional governors could resist emperor and pursue own ambitons) -Centalized of Qin did not provide incentive for support of dynasty by imperial family members -gave large plots of land to imperial family -divided empire into administrative districts who served at the emperors pleasure in 200 BCE, Xiongnu nomads almost captured Liu Bang, he got no support from his family... so -he reclaimed land from family members -gave political responsibilites to an administrative beuracracy -HAN BECAME IMPERIAL CENTRALIZED RULE

The Maritial Emperor, Han Wudi DH
Han Wudi ruled for 44 years (141 to 87 BCE) Two policies: -administrative centralization -imperial expansion

Han Centrilization DH
Han Wudi relied on legalist principals Built roads and canals to facilitate trade To finance machinery for his government, he taxed agriculture, trade, and crafts established imperial monopolies on goods like iron and salt Placed liquor industry under State supervisio Han Wudi realized he needed thousands or intelligent individuals -no system to provide continuous supply of educated peoples

**The Confucian education system BS**
-Han Wudi esablished an imperial university in 124 BCE that prepred young men for the government -Martial Emperor cared little for learning and did not support it -Han Wudi ensured long term survival of Confucianism traditions by establishing an official imperil ideology -by the end of the former Han Dynasty the imperial university enrolled more than three thousand students -by later Han student population was more than thirt thousand

Han Imperial Expansion BS
-he had them under Han rule and practicing Chinese society -ruled both through a chinese-style government and confucian values
 * - ** invaded northern Vietnam and Korea



The Xiongnu BS
-the nomadic people at and early age taught boys how to ride sheep and eventually they graduated to using bows and other skills -when they ran out of food they went to the cities and stole food supplies -they had little issues defending themselves vecause they did not ahve a settled place to live so therefore they had nothing to predict and defend -during the reign of Maodon (most successful leader of Xiongnu) ruled a vast federation of nomadic people from the Aral Sea to the Yellow Sea -Maodon had strict military discipline -Maodon ordered forces to target his father and when he fell, Maodon was left as Xiongnu chief -Xiongnu empire was a concern to Han emperors because of their strong army -at first the Han would provide them with food and goods hoping to keep them from raiges

Han Expansion into Central Asia BS
-Han Wudi went offensive against the Xiongnu and invaded central Asia -He brought much of Xiongnu empire under Chinese military control -had networking and Chinese cultivators in central Asia -soon Han Dynasty had economic and social problems = From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder =

Patriarchal Society BS
-patriarchal households ave raged five inhabitants, although aristocratic families sometimes lived in compounds -"Classic of Filial Piety" taught children that they should obey and honor their parents as well as political authorities -Ban Zhao was a well educated women from a prominent Han family who wrote "Admonitions for Women" -it emphasixed on humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands -most Chinese population worked in countryside cultivating grains and vegetables -iron industry entered a period of rapid growth -this allowed cultivation to improve

Iron Metallurgy BS
-experimented with production techniques and learned to craft fine utensils for both domestic and military uses

Silk Texiles BS
-sericulture expanded from Yellow River to other parts of China during the Han times -developed rapidly in southern regions -thrived on trade relations with western lands -Chinese silk was especially fine because of advanced sericulture techniques -Chinese products bred silkworms, fed them mulberry leaves, and carefully unraveled their cocoons -Chinese silk became a prized commodity and opened up intricate trade network

Paper BS
-100 CE Chinese craftsmen began to fashion hemp, bark, and textile fibers into sheets of paper -less expensive than silk and easier to write on than bamboo

Population BS
-High agricultural productivity supported rapid demographic growth -220 BCE (right after founding of Qin dynasty) the Chinese population was about 20 million -by 9 CE (end of former Han dynasty) the population was about 60 million

= Economic and social difficulties =

**Policy of Han Wudi**
-causes sever economic strain -raised taxes, confiscated land, and personal property from wealthy individuals -discouraged investment in manufacturing and trading enterprises which damped the larger economy

Social Tensions
-Social distinction became more prominent during the Han Dynasty -Wealthy wore fine silk, leather shoes, jewelry (jade/gold) -Poor classes wore rough help clothes and sandals -Wealthy classes consisted of pork, fish, fowl. and aged wines while poor consisted of mostly rice and small portions of meat and veggies

**Land Distribution**
-Owners of small estates had many problems with poor harvests, high taxes, or dept that made them lose their land -Owners of larger estates took over the land that was lost from smaller estates and increased their efficiency by hiring cheap laborers -Poor classes resorted to rebellion - around 100 B.C.E Han emperors depended heavily on the political cooperation of large land owners

The reign of Wang Mang
-Started as a regent of a two year old who inherited the Han Imperial Throne -Soon seemed more suitable as emperor -He was a socialist emperor (due to a series of wide ranging reforms) -Redistributed land from the wealthy to the poor -During his ruling their was a lot of poor harvests and famine -23 C.E he was killed by disgruntled landlords and peasants

The Later Han Dynasty
-Abandoned their first capital Chang'an and built Luoyang -Regained control of the centralized administration and reorganized the state bureaucracy -Had firm control over the silk roads -Did not address the problem of land distribution

The Yellow Turban Uprising
-Due to the little that was done over land distribution poorer classes rebelled out of desperation -Called "Yellow turban uprising" because of the headgear worn by the rebels -It was one of the first serious revolts in a seriers of revolts against the Han Dynasty

Collapse of the Han
-Han emperors were unable to prevent the development of factions -Factions made war against each other -Internal problems that the rulers could not solve -184 C.E was the start of a series of rebellions -Han generals became rulers of the regions -Generals allied with wealthy landowners -220 C.E The hand dynasty was abolished and divided into 3 kingdoms -After, a large number of nomadic people migrated into china and established large kingdoms

= 5 THEMES =

** Human/Environment Interactions **
-granting land plots to peasants wea kened the economic position of aristocrats -Han Dynasty attacked states, absorbing them into their own centralized structure -Invaded North Vietnam and Korea -most Chinese population worked in countryside cultivating grains and vegetables -High agricultural productivity supported rapid demographic growth __**Technology**__ -built roads for communication and the movement of his armies -experimented with production techniques and learned to craft fine utensils for both domestic and military uses -100 CE Chinese craftsmen began to fashion hemp, bark, and textile fibers into sheets of paper -Chinese silk was especially fine because of advanced techniques -military had effective iron weapons
 * __ Migration/patterns of settlement __**
 * - ** Shang Yang encouraged peasant cultivators to migrate to less populated areas of the state
 * __Demography__**

Development and Interaction of Cultures DH
DAOISM -Dao= the way of nature/cosmos, should be passive and yeilding and leave politics and ambition -Considered society pointless to waste time and energy on problems that defied a solution -Believed that over a long term all the beliefs would bring harmony to the society as a whole -foucused on inner reflection CONFUCIANISM -need strong morals to make good judgements -ren, li, xiao
 * __Religions__**

LEGALISM -all attention to the state and strengthening and expanding -Strength came from Agriculture and Armed forces -didn't care for confucian ethics and morals of doaism principle of humans place in the universe -Han Wudi relied on legalist principals -Han Wudi ensured long term survival of Confucianism traditions by establishing an official imperial ideology
 * __Belief Systems, philosophies, and ideologies__**

-experimented with production techniques and learned to craft fine utensils for both domestic and military uses -100 CE Chinese craftsmen began to fashion hemp, bark, and textile fibers into sheets of paper -Qin Shihuangdi made uniform laws, currencies, weights, and measures -First Emperor ordered uniform writing in China
 * __Science and Technology__**

-Qin Shihuangdi had thousands of laborerers build Great Wall of China to the North -Laborers bulit as well as connected pre exsisting walls -7000 laborers made First Emperor's tomb, which was an underground palace lined with bronze -Qin Shihuangdi (First Emperor) ordered that all philosophical and literary writing be burned -Utilitarian works were kept
 * __The Arts and Architecture__**

**State-building, expansion, and conflict**
-Han generals became rulers of the regions -Wang Man "Socialist emperor" -Patriarchal Society -Social distinction became more prominent during the Han Dynasty -First Emporer, Qin Shihuangdi reigned from 221 to 210 BCE -Established centralized imperial rule and provided large scale political organization __**Revolts/Revolutions**__ -Yellow turban Uprising -Due to the little that was done over land distribution poorer classes rebelled out of desperation -Han Generals took over the emperor
 * __Political structures and forms of governance__**

Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems
-built roads and canals to faciliate trade -silk demand expanded trade
 * __Trade and commerce__**

-many of the people had agricultural jobs -during the Han dynasty metallurgy became very big making there tools and weapons advanced -laborers built wall and continued to add on to it in the Han Dynasty -laborers also made tombs -silk production was big during the Han Dynasty
 * __Labor systems__**

Development and trandsformation of social structures
__**Family and kinship**__ -woman had to respect there husbands and honor them -Children had to show honor to parents as well as political figures and leaders __**Social and economic classes**__ -social distinctions were very noticable during the Han Dynasty -the wealthy wore silk, leather shoes, jewelry, and nicer clothing -poor classes wore rough looking clothing and shoes -wealthy classes food consisted of plentiful of meats and wines -poor classes food consisted of rice and small portions of meat and vegetables