Africa+(1014-1020)+2

=Africa (1014-1020)=

__**Challenges to European Authority pg. 1016**__ __**The Colonial Economy pg. 1016**__ __**Infrastructure pg. 1016**__ -Whites owned farms and used colonial taxation to drive Africans into the labor force. -Africans had to work to pay the taxes on land, houses, livestock, and people themselves. -Cash crop farming had the largest proportion of Africans but wage labor on plantations or mines was also common. -Peanuts from Senegal and northern Nigeria, cotton from Uganda, cocoa from the Gold Coast, rubber from Congo, and palm oil from Ivory Coast and the Niger delta. -Colonial mining took place in parts of central and southern Africa, mining for copper, gold, and diamonds. -The absence of male labor and payment of minimal wage impoverished rural areas
 * __Africa under colonial__** **__domination p. 1014__**
 * Africans became participants in the Great War due to their ties to European powers
 * European states transmitted their military conflicts to African soil and recruited soldiers from their colonies
 * After the war, peace makers in Paris still ignored African pleas for social and political reform
 * European powers focused on economic exploitation of their African colonies
 * Capitalism destroyed the self-sufficiency of African economies
 * __War in Africa p. 1015__**
 * German imperialists managed to form a colonial empire in Africa; included Togo, Cameroon, German South-West Africa, and German East Africa.
 * Consequence of war for Africans was the Allies invaded German colonies
 * Germans outnumbered 10 to 1
 * 1 million+ soldiers participated directly in military campaigns
 * as Europeans began leaving the colonies in large numbers as the war dragged on, Africans took the opportunity to stage armed uprisings and other forms of revolt
 * Europeans had no choice but to divert their scare military to put down the revolt, which they succeeded at
 * colonial powers pursued two key economic objectives in Africa; they wanted to make sure that the colonized paid for the institutions- bureaucracies, judiciary, police, and military forces- that kept them in subjugation; and they develop export- oriented economies characterized by the exchange of unprocessed raw materials or minimally processed cash crops for manufactured goods from abroad.
 * colonies were tightly integrated into and dependent on a European- dominated global economy, which hurt trade and markets during The Great Depression in the 1930s
 * Africa's economic integration required investment in infrastructures
 * during the early 20th century, the new colonial economy first became visible in the form of port facilities, roads, railways, and telegraph wires
 * efficient transportation and communication networks not only facilitated conquest and rule but also linked the agriculture or mineral wealth of a colony to the outside world
 * Africans paid for the infrastructure with their labor and taxes
 * __Farming and Mining pg. 1017__**

-Where taxation failed to create labor force, outright forced labor was practiced. -Forced labor and barely disguised forms of slavery were prominent. -Labor abuses started with concessionary companies, which were authorized by their governments to exploit a region's resources with the help of their own system of taxation and labor recruitment.
 * __Labor Practices__**
 * //__African Nationalism__//**
 * Decades after Great War European powers exploited Africa's natural and labor resources with extension of the colonial system
 * Africans were disappointed that their contributions towards the war went unrewarded
 * After the Great War ideas concerning self determination and gained acceptance among a group of african nationalists gave rise to incipient nationalist movements
 * An elite class of African intellectuals became heavily involved in this movement
 * This "New Elite" got its status from(High Ranked):
 * employment and education
 * Civil servants
 * Physicians
 * Lawyers
 * Writers
 * They usually got their education in Western Europe or sometimes the United States
 * **Jomo Kenyatta:**Was one of the elite class members.
 * Spent almost 15 years in Europe studying at different schools
 * Very articulate Nationalist
 * **Later led Kenya to Independence from Britain**
 * Europeans introduced their ideologies to Africans when colonizing.
 * African nationalists often used European concept of "nations" to create unity among African groups.
 * They thought it was the most effective way to resist colonization/colonialism.
 * Nationalists looked back to concepts of ethnicity, religion and language to help identify Africans.
 * Other Nationalists discarded race tactic of identifying Africans because it was too similar to how Americas labeled them.

__**Sources from the Past: Africa for Africans: p, 1019**__
 * Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) was pivotal in black nationalism.
 * He rejected the idea of assimilation into American culture, but wanted a state in Africa for blacks.
 * Ideas like that of Theodor Herzl with Zionism, but for blacks, not Jews.
 * He rejected the notion of him being the "Black Moses" saying others who changed history were not "Jesus Christs" but they were able to make a difference.
 * Question at the end: In his speech, how does Marcus Garvey convey the significance of Africa for both Africans and those involved in the black diaspora?