Child+Labor+During+the+Industrial+Revolution

=** The Factory System (EF) **= == Most manufacturing in capitalist societies were under the putting out system (entrepeneurs paid people to work in their houses). In the 17-18 cen. They started using proindustrial factories (they performed specialized tasks under one roof). = __‍‍__The Factory‍‍ = The putting out system and the proindustrial factories were later replaced by the factory system in the 18 cen. Many machines were to big for houses and this was a cheap way to get goods since many employees came from rural areas. An employee also performed only one task and managers could inforce strict discipline and better supervision.Because of the new machines there was a demand for rational organization of job functions that differed from earlier forms of industrial organization. Meaning one person performed a singular task. = Working Conditions = Productivity and output increased with the factory system. There was an owner class who bought the equipment and many employees depended on employeers for their livelihood. Theyworked 6 days a week for 12-14 hrs., had to keep up with machines, worked in dangerous conditions, and were closely supervised. Because of the the broad-range skills that workers had previously as artisans became obsolete in an Envirofacts where the narrowly defined skills were rewarded. Due to the boring nature of most of these jobs left many workers alienated or estranged from work and their products of labor. People had to get used to clocks, man labored six days a week fro twelve to fourteen hours daily. A factory whistle signaled the beginning and the end of a working day. = Industrial Protest = In 1811-1816 the Luddites (english handicraft workers) destroyed textile machines in response to low wages and unemployment. This spread to the industries of Nottingham (hosiery andlace) and Lancashire (wool and cotton). In 1813 it stopped after some were sentenced to death by the government. (KW) =** The Early Spread of Industrialization **= For half a century industrialization was only in Great Britain. They didn't let people export their machinery, techniques, or skilled workers. Europe and N. America try to get some of their techniques and they bribed some British engineers or smuggle machinery out of Great Britain. The British workers they had often had high prices and made little contribution. (EF) = Industrialization in Western Europe = In the mid 19 cen. industrialization spread to France, Germany, Belgium, and the U.S. The French revolution helped by abolishing internal trade barriers, dismanteling guilds, and rescricting the movement of laborers in western Europe. The earliest center was Belgium (coal, iron, glass, textile) then France (textile, metallurgy). Also railroad construction grew. In Germany it was slower. In 1840 coal and iron production was sucessful, in 1850 railroad, and in 1871 unification made industrialization faster. There was the development of heavy industry, strengthing of military capacity, and huge businesses formed. (EF)
 * Pages 820-825 **

= Industrialization in North America = In 1800 the United States possessed abundant land and natural resources but few workers and little money to invest in business enterprises. American industrialization began in the 1820's. By mid century well over a thousand mills were producing fabrics from raw cotton in the southern states. New England was the site for the production of shoes, tools and handguns! :) By the 1870's heavy iron and steel industries emerged in areas like western Pennsylvania and central Alabama where there was abundant supplies of iron and coal. By the 1860's rails linked the industrial north with the agricultural south.

=** Industrial Capitalism **=

= Mass Production = With refined manufacturing processes, factories could mass-produce standardized articles. Eli Whitney is most remembered for his invention of the cotton gin, but also developed a machine that allowed the ability to produce large quantities of interchangeable parts in the making of firearms. Henry Ford also improved the manufacturing techniques of automobile production. He designed a conveyor system. The age of the motor car had arrived!:)

Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels
Some big businesses of the late nineteenth century sought to outperform their competitors and eliminate competition altogether. Business firms formed associations to restrict markets or establish monopolies in their industries. Large-scale business organizations would form trusts or cartels. Both strategies had the same goal, which as to control the supply of a product and hence its price in the marketplace. Some monopolists wanted to control industries through vertical organization, by which they would dominate all facets of a single industry. Others would eliminate competition by means of horizontal organization, which involved the cooperation of independent companies in the same business. (KW)

= 5 Themes =

**Development and Interaction of Cultures**
The Factory replaced the putting out system and the proindustrial factories. The Luddites, from 1811-1816, began to destroy textile machines in response to low wages and unemployment. This spread to other industries but was stopped after some people got sentenced to death by the government. (NH)

**State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict**
For a long time industrialization was only happening in Great Britian. Europe and North America try to get some of the techniques by bribing the British engineers and smuggling some of the machinery. Over all the British workers had high prices and never made any contributions, which made it difficult for Europe and North America to learn Great Britian's techniques. (NH)

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By the 19th century industrialization spred to Belguim, France, Germany, and the U.S. Belgium had the earliest center making coal,iron, glass, textile. Next was France by making textile and metallurgy. Then American industrialization began in the 1820s. (NH)=====

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When companies could find faster and simpler ways to make products, the price of the product would plumet, allowing most social classes to afford the product. One example was the design of a conveyor system, created by Henry Ford, which allowed automobiles to be made much faster, therefore the price of automobiles plummeted and almost anyone could afford them. (KW)=====

Kenzie Wolfeeeeeeeeeeeee Eliza Fallick Rebekah Whittle Nicole Hoffman