Urbanization+and+the+Changing+City+During+the+Industrial+Revolution+2


 * __ INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY (825-830) __**

__**Industrial society**__
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 * 1) The fruits of industry
 * 2) Population growth
 * 3) Industrialization raised material standards of living and created a working and middle class
 * 4) Populations of Europe and America rose sharply from 1700 to 1900
 * 5) Better diets and improved sanitation reduced death rate of adults and children
 * 6) Many migrations took place (rural areas to industrial citites)
 * 7) Europeans crossed Atlantic by tens of millions for opportunities in the west
 * 8) Socialists weren't against industrialization, but wanted a more equal and just society
 * 9) Manufactured goods flooded the markets, and were affordable (goods included: clothes, machines, furniture)
 * 10) Overall better standard of living
 * 1) Demographic transition: population change typical of industrialized countries
 * 2) Pattern of declining birthrate in response to declining mortality
 * 3) Voluntary birth control through contraception
 * 4) Urbanization and migration
 * 5) Industrialization drew migrants from countryside to urban centers
 * 6) By 1900, 50 percent of population of industrialized countries lived in towns
 * 7) By 1900, more than 150 cities with over one hundred thousand people in Europe and North America
 * 8) Urban problems: shoddy houses, fouled air, inadequate water supply
 * 9) By the late nineteenth century, governments passed building codes, built sewer systems
 * 10) Transcontinental migration: some workers sought opportunities abroad
 * 11) 1800-1920, 50 million Europeans migrated to North and South America
 * 12) Fled: famine in Ireland, anti-Semitism in Russia, problems elsewhere

= -KD = =__5 Themes__=

__Economics and Politics__

 * 1) Increased standard of living for many because of lower prices
 * 2) Cheaper tools and faster transportation led to a decline in the price for food
 * 3) There was continued migration to North America and South America as well as Europe
 * 4) Thomas Malthus theorized that population growth would outstrip food supplies
 * 5) He also believed that this would lead to natural checks on population, such as war, famine, and disease, this caused a birth control movement
 * 6) Although prices were down the workers were poorly paid

__Technology and Environmental Adaptions__

 * 1) With urbanization came intensified environmental pollution.
 * 2) Widespread burning of fossil fuels polluted air with chemicals and particulate matter.
 * 3) Untreated sewage dirtied virtually every major river.
 * 4) Unsanitary living conditions led to epidemics of cholera and typhus.
 * 5) Massive population increases caused strain on agriculture.
 * 6) Late 19th century, government authorities began to correct the problems of the early industrial cities.
 * 7) Birth control developed to prevent overpopulation.

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__Social and Gender Advancements__
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 * 1) millions of people moved from countryside to work in new industrial cities
 * 2) encouraged emergence of middle and working class
 * 3) individuals were able to add variety to their wardrobes due to dramatic reductions in clothing cost, all but the incredibly poor could afford several changes of clothes
 * 4) consumers in early industrial Europe filled homes with more furniture, cabinets, porcelain, and decorative objects
 * 5) populations of European and Euro-American peoples rose greatly during 18th and 19th centuries
 * 6) in most preindustrial societies fertility was high, but famines and epidemics resulted in high mortality (especially child mortality)
 * 7) in industrializing societies high birthrates were common and death rates fell because of better diets and improved disease control
 * 8) demographic transition: shifting patterns of fertility and mortality
 * 9) as industrialization transformed societies, fertility began to decline but death rates declined faster so there was still population growth, eventually declining birthrates led to lower population growth, the reason for declining fertility was voluntary birth control through contraception
 * 10) by later 19th century government authorities began working to better the pollution and sanitation issues of major cities by improving municipal water supplies, expanding sewage systems, introducing building codes that outlawed the construction of rickety tenements to accommodate the poor, they also built more parks and recreational facilities