Technological+Innovations+of+the+Agricultural+and+Industrial+Revolutions+2

Technological Innovations of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions (815-820)

__Patterns Of Industrialization__
-//Industrialization:// Process that transformed a handicraft-centered economy into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture. -Technological developments were critical to industrialization to produce goods by machine instead of hand -Used energy sources like coal and petroleum -By the end of the 19th century factories became the predominant site of industrial production in Europe, US, and Japan. -Factory production encouraged new divisions of labor -Assembly lines helped with mass production -Expensive equipment encouraged lots of large businesses -By the mid 19th century large corporations joined together to control trade through trusts and cartels.

__Foundations of Industrialization__
-By mid 18th century, Great Britain, Japan m and Yangzi Delta, had growing economies with common features -They had high agricultural productivity which lead to population growth, encouraging specialized jobs. -Rivers and canals facilitated trade -Economies ran up ecological obstacles with soil depletion and deforestation.

-Coal played a crucial role in the industrialization of Great Britain -Wood used to be the primary source of fuel but it led to deforestation -Some of Europe's largest coal deposits were in Great Britain -Without coal deposits, they couldn't have supported the increasing iron production and steam engines -In China there wasn't the supply of coal that there was in Great Britain at this time -During the 18th century Europe was supplied with large amounts of cotton and sugar from slave-based plantations -America supplied Europe with primary products -Plantation economies or Caribbean islands created markets for manufactured imports from Europe. -1/2 sugar proceeds from sugar exports paid for importation of manufactured goods from Europe. -Significance of resources from America grew after 1830 -Grain, timber, and beef, traveled across the Atlantic to European destinations. -American lands later served as outlets for Europe's surplus population -Access to coal deposits and exploitation od overseas resources increased the odds for and industrial breakthrough -Consumer demand transformed the British cotton industry -During the 17th century, English consumers liked "calicoes" which were inexpensive, bright textiles from India -Cotton cloth came into demand because it was more practical -British wool producers convinced Parliament to pass laws to protect the wool industry -The Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721 prohibited imports of printed cotton textiles and restricted the sale of calicoes at home. -Parliament passed a law requiring corpses to be buried in wool -Consumer demand was not hurt by this and led to a British cotton textile industry.

Mechanization of the Cotton Industry
-Demand for cotton was high -The Flying Shuttle- invented by John Kay in 1733, sped up the weaving process increasing the demand for thread. -The Mule- invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779, adapted for steam power by 1790, could produce 100x more thread than a manual spinning wheel -The Power Loom- invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, mechanical weaving machine, 2 decades later steam powered it instead of water -Cotton business became Britain's leading industry by 1830 with half a million people employed in the business and it accounting for 40% of exports

Steam Power
-Steam Engine- invented by James Watt in 1765, burned coal to boil water and create steam -Horsepower was the measure of energy generated by the steam engine -Steam Engine did work of numerous animals -By 1800, 1000+ steam engines were used in the British isles -Use in textile industry resulted in greater productivity and cheaper prices

Iron and Steel
-After 1709 British smelters used coke- a purified form of coal- instead of charcoal as fuel to make iron. -Charcoal was scarce and expensive because the main source of charcoal was wood and England was in a time of deforestation -Bigger blast furnaces could be made with use of coke and production increased so price decreased -19th century steel was made -Henry Bessemer in 1856 built a new blast furnace called the Bessemer converter that produced steel cheaper and in larger amounts -Steel was harder, stronger, and more resilient than iron and began to replace iron for items that needed a lot of strength

Transportation
-James Watt's steam engine used too much coal to be used in transportation. -Steam-Powered Locomotive- invented by George Stephenson in 1815, reached speeds of 28 mph -Refined engines were created to use in steamships -Between 1830 and 1870 13,000 miles of railroads were laid. -Railroads and Steam Engines carried large amounts of cargo and people reducing the cost of transportation

= The Factory System = - most manufacturing took place under the putting-out system - protoindustrial system of production centered on households and involved fewer than ten people

The Factory
-replaced putting-out system and protoindustial factories -big machines did not allow work to be done at home so had to be done at a centralized station -brought together specialized workers -demanded rational organization of job functions -factories enabled managers to have high standards and impose strict work

Working Conditions
-factory system led to emergence of an ower class whose capital finacnced equipment and machinerary that were too expensive for workers to acquire - boring nature of job left mant workers estranged from their work and the products of their labor - many people had to become accustomed to the discipline of the pace of work

Industrial Protest
-1811 and 1816 factory workers went on a rampage and destroyed textile machines that they blamed for their low wages and unemployment -Luddites were a group that that broke out a movement among destroying factories -1813 fourteen luddites were hung which the government served as notice that it was unwilling to tolerate violence against machines

= Themes =

Interaction between humans and the environment
- technology developments allowed goods to be produced by machine instead of hand -factories opened up new layers of labor -steam engine was invented -factory system was used to manufacture products

State-building, expansion, and conflict
-workers started revolts against factories because of low wages -jobs were very boring for those who were specialized in skills

Creation, expanision, and interaction of economic systems
-high agriculture productivity led to high job employment