A+-+The+Rise+of+Cities+(305-309)

= __The Rise of Cities (305-309)__ =

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Population more than doubled between the 1800s and the 1900s. Although families actually got smaller, death rate is decreased significantly. This drop in the death rate is due to breakthroughs in medicine, improved methods of farming, and public sanitation.=====

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Scientists have known about microbes since the 1600s. Microbes are microscopic organisms that were thought to cause infectious disease, however, most doctors didn't believe in this //germ theory.// In 1870 //Louis Pasteur// proved the //germ theory// and went on to discover vaccines against rabies and anthrax. Louis also discovered a process to kill microbes in milk called pasteurization. -->=====

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<- In 1880 //Robert Koch// discovered the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, a respiratory disease that claimed about thirty million human lives in the 1800s. The search for a cure to this disease took half a century. By 1914 yellow fever and malaria were traced back to mosquitoes. The more people understood these diseases the more hygiene played a role in everyday life.=====

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Throughout the century hospitals were dark and potentially fatal place. They could be dirty and even if a patient survived surgery, he could die days later from infections, caused by dirty instruments. For the poor, being admitted to a hospital=====

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//Florence Nightingale// was an influential woman in developing modern day hospitals. Nightingale served as an army nurse in the Crimean War and insisted on better hygiene being performed in field hospitals. After the war she continued to promote practicing good hygiene throughout hospitals in Europe. She also founded the world's first school of nursing.=====

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The English Surgeon Joseph Lister discovered that by applying antiseptics doctors can prevent infection. He insisted that all doctors use antiseptics to sterilize their instruments and wash their hands before performing surgery or operating. Over time, the use of antiseptics drastically reduced deaths from infection world wide.=====

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["Americans were aware of Florence Nightingale 's service...In 1861, a sanitary commission was organized with the goal of teaching clean habits and the prevention of disease...in 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed legislation appointing a surgeon general and sanitary inspectors. Army regulations required cleaning practices for soldiers, enforced with inspections, but the first army garbage incinerator was not ordered until 1885. The Sanitary Commission next expanded to general hospitals, where women volunteers and nurses were placed according to race and status to attend the sick, cook, clean, and wash laundry. After the war, many soldiers brought their new cleaning habits home, and Northern women moved south to teach freed African-American women how to keep clean households." - "sanitation movement." //American History//. ABC-CLIO,2012. Web. 20 Feb. 2012.]=====

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As populations continue to soar, people begin migrating towards cities and urban areas. The Industrial Revolution continues to progress as cities come to dominate the West. Common city life undergoes dramatic changes in Europe and in the United States.=====

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The Industrial Revolution and growing wealth altered the basic layout of European cities. City planners created more spacious squares and boulevards to better suit the incoming government buildings, offices, department stores, and theaters. The largest //urban renewal// took place in Paris of 1850. Georges Haussmann, the chief planner for Napoleon III, replaced outdated tangled medieval streets full of tenement housing with wide boulevards and public buildings. The project created many jobs, which decreased the threat of unrest. The wide boulevards also made it harder for rebels to put up barricades and easier for troops to reach any part of the city. In American cities people gradually changed the settlement patterns. The rich lived in neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor crowded into slums near the city center, within reach of factories. Trolleys and other modes of transportation made it possible to live further away from work.=====

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Sidewalks and roads made cities and urban areas more livable. Gas lamps, and then electric street lights, increased safety by illuminating the dark. Beneath the streets the sewage systems made cities healthier by moving waste before it contaminated water sources. City planners knew that better sanitation and clean water supplies were needed to eradicate epidemics of cholera and tuberculosis. Sewer lines seemed to be a very logical and efficient way to do so. The sewer lines in London and Paris were very expensive, but dramatically cut death rates. By 1900, architects were using steel to construct buildings bigger then ever before. Louis Sullivan, an American architect, pioneered new structures called skyscrapers. Multistory apartments also took the place of single-family homes.=====

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Despite efforts to improve city and urban life, the city was harsh for the poor. Although some could afford better clothing, newspapers, or tickets to music halls, they went home to small, cramped row houses or tenements in overcrowded neighborhoods. Whole families may be crammed into a single room. Illness or unemployment meant lost wages that could ruin a family. Crime ravaged the poor, more populated areas. Although conditions had improved from early Industrial Revolution, slums still remained a part of city life.=====

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Despite the uglier side of urban life, the promise of work attracted millions to the city. They were centers of action and attracted many tourists. Music halls, opera houses, and theaters provided entertainment for every taste. Museums and libraries offered educational opportunities. Sports also drew citizens from all areas and classes.=====

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["During the half century spanning 1870 to 1920, the United States underwent spectacular urban growth. The number of people living in "urban" areas skyrocketed from 9.9 million to 54.1 million. The number of cities boasting 100,000 residents rose from 14 to 68 while the total with populations exceeding a half million jumped from 2 to 9. Because the U.S. census defined "urban territories" as incorporated areas with populations of 2,500 or more, America's urbanization involved more than the emergence or rapid expansion of big cities." - Alexander, June Granatir. "Urban Growth and Immigrant Neighborhoods: Modern World." //Daily Life through History//. ABC-CLIO,2012. Web. 20 Feb. 2012.]=====

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Industrialization changed cities' faces by changing the landscape for one, city squares and boulevards became new: they lined avenues with government buildings, offices, department stores, and theaters. George Haussman was in charge of the urban renewal, making wide boulevards and splendid public buildings. This put many people to work and lowering of rebel out breaks. Paved streets, lanterns, firemen closer, and police forces ran an observation job. Sewer systems were costly but necessary for healthy living. Steel for buildings now, middle class homes were replaced by multi-story apartments, music halls, opera houses and theaters, museums and libraries, and sports were added for residents and tourists alike.=====

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As conditions got worse, workers tried to improve industrial life by protesting low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, and the constant threat of unemployment. At first, business owners and governments tried to silence protesters, but by mid-century workers began to make progress.=====

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//Mutual-aid societies// were formed by workers to aid sick or injured workers. Revolutions in 1830 and 1848 showed the government the peoples discontent. People began to join socialist groups called unions. These unions were organized to bargain on behalf of the workers. Germany was the first to legalize labor unions in 1869. Britain Austria, and France followed, and by 1900, Britain had about three million union members, and Germany about two million. Work unions stopped work under strikes to demand better working conditions, wage increases, or other benefits from their employers. Employers often called the police on these strikes. Because of these unions and strikes, governments passed many laws to regulate working conditions like child labor laws, and regulations on work hours. Western governments established old-age pensions, as well as disability insurance for workers who were hurt or became ill.=====

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Despite everything labor unions did for workers, periods of unemployment still brought desperate hardships to industrial workers and helped boost union membership. Overall standards of living for industrial workers did rise. Families ate more varied diets, lived in better homes, and dressed in inexpensive, mass-produced clothing. Advances in medicine improved health, and newer modes of transportation such as trolleys and subways made it possible to live away from work. Still, the gap between workers and the middle class widened.=====

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["In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, child labor was justified not only as necessary to grow the nation's food and manufacture the nation's products, but as something that was good for the children themselves. It built character and kept the young people out of trouble. Idle hands, it was said, were the devil's playground." - "child labor." //American History//.ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 20 Feb. 2012.]=====

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Workers tried to improve working and living conditions by starting the mutual-aid societies, which helped sick and injured workers back to working health. Unions led strikes for issued a law for working conditions to better conditions, wage increases, or other benefits. Government finally issued a law for working conditions to improve, hiring under the age of 10, outlawing child labor, banning women workers in mines, limited work hours, and improved safety were some laws passed.=====

**A** 5. __Germ Theory__ is the idea that microbes cause illnesses
=__D__ **6.** What was the main reason for Europe’s great population growth in the 1800s?= a. Families had more children. production b. People moved to the cities. c. Farmers increased food production.
 * d. The death rate fell.**

=__B__ 7. A pioneer of hospital care, safety, and hygiene was= a. Robert Koch c. Louis Pasteur d. Louis Sullivan.
 * b. Florence Nightingale**

=__B__ 8. How did cities in the West change during the 1800s?= a. Factories were relocated to the outskirts of cities. c. Cities became less livable and more dangerous.es lost popularity with tourists. d. Cities lost popularity with tourists
 * b. Cities underwent urban renewal.**

=__C__ 9. How did workers respond to harsh conditions of industrial life?= a. They quit their jobs and moved to farms. b. They froze the wages of unskilled workers. d. They hired armed guards and police to protect themselves
 * c. They formed unions and mutual-aid societies.**

__A__ 10. Labor laws were passed in several countries to
b. require employers to offer health care benefits. c. force factory owners to raise the standard of living. d. foster worker discontent.
 * a. outlaw children and women working in mines.**

__Sources:__ http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/256069?terms=nightingale http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/262153?terms=industrial+revolution http://dailylife.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1380066?terms=urbanization+industrial+ Pictures already uploaded onto the wiki