Germany+Sim+Group+Page+2

=Germany Sim Group Page= __**The Ottoman Empire in Decline**__ Introduction Notes from Book outline A. common problems -Military weakness, vulnerability to foreign threats -Internal weakness due to economic problems, financial difficulties, and corruption B. Reform efforts -Attempts at political and educational reform and at industrialization -Turned to Western models C. Different results fo reforms -Ottoman empire, Russia, and China unsuccessful: societies on the verge of collapse -Reform in Japan was more thorough and emerged as an industrial power EW
 * 1) The Nature of Decline
 * 2) Military Decline: humiliating defeats and loss of Janissary Corps and they were ignoring new technologies= Vulnerable to powerful neighbors
 * 3) less effective central government (central state lacked revenue due to independent ruler pursuing own interests)
 * 4) Territorial Losses- maintaine3d hold of only Anatolia and Iraq (lost Egypt after chaos after Napoleon's invasion)
 * 5) Muhammad Ali took Egypt from Ottoma ns and threatened to capture Istanbul
 * 6) Economic Problems- trade declined because the Ottoman middle men were eliminated and European trade shifted to the Atlantic Ocean basin
 * 7) pressure on craftsmen and artisan becvause European producers were more efficient and cheaper (competition)
 * 8) Dependent of foreign lans
 * 9) high interest payments
 * 10) The capitulations- Europe had several advantages over the Ottoman empire
 * 11) Europeans were exempt form laws, and Europeans set up tax exept banks and commercial enterprises
 * 12) Taxes were imposed on the Ottoman people
 * 13) Reform and Reorganization
 * 14) Reform= response to crisis among Ottomans
 * 15) Began as early as the 17th century
 * 16) Sultan sought to limit taxation, increase agricultural production, and end official corruption
 * 17) 18th century- by Sultan Selim 111- redesigned the army (elite Janissary Corps revolted)
 * 18) The Reforms of Mahmud 11 (Sultan- only male of the dynasty not killed by Janissary)
 * 19) Restore traditional military (still conflicted with Janissary)
 * 20) Remodled Ottoman institutions
 * 21) More effective army
 * 22) Taught European curricula
 * 23) Secondary education for boys to further education
 * 24) European style ministries, constructed new roads, built telegraph lines, inaugurated a postal service
 * 25) by his death, the empire had shrunk, but it was stronger
 * 26) Legal and Educational Reform (Tanzimat era (1839-1876) army was the principal target, but legal and educational reforms also occured
 * 27) Drew inspiration form enlightenmen ideas and constitutional foundations of western European states
 * 28) Attacked Ottoman law (in order to get Europeans on their side again) and used French legal system as a guide
 * 29) Educational Reform- 1846- education under supervision of state ministry of education (1869- the goal was free and compulsory primary education)
 * 30) opposition to the Tanzimat- reformers posed a thereat to the empire's islamic foundation (says religious conservatives
 * 31) muslims throught Christians and Jews shouldn't be equal
 * 32) Young Ottomans-some secular, some Islamic wanted freedom, local autonomy, and polical decentralization like the British system
 * 33) Higher level Bureaucrats wanted to impose checks on the sultan's power
 * 34) Young Turk Era
 * 35) 1876- bureaucrats demanded a constitutional government
 * 36) Abdul Hamid (sultan) approved of checks and balances, but them soon after, he suspended the constitution, executed people, punished liberals, and dissolved the parliament
 * 37) He then reformedthe army and administration, which became the opposition groups
 * 38) The Young turnks after 1889 actively opposed Abdul Hamid's changes
 * 39) Promoted reform, universal suffrage, equality before the law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the state, adn emancipation fo women
 * 40) Forced Abdul Hamid to restore the parliament and constitution, then they dethroned him in 1909
 * 41) They also aggravated tensions between Turkish rulers and subject people outside the empire
 * 42) The Only reason the Ottoman empire survived was because European diplomats couldn't agree on how to defeat the empire without interrupting the European balance of power
 * 43) The Russian Empire under Pressure
 * 44) Military Derfeat and Social Reform
 * 45) 19th century- tsars ruoled a multiethnic, multilingual, multicultural empire with cruel serfdom
 * 46) The Crimean War demonstrated weakness and forced tsars to modernize army and industry
 * 47) Started becasue Russia expanded its boarders and eventually came to Balkan lands of the ottomans- the European forces supported the Ottomans
 * 48) Emancipation of the Serfs- source of rural instablility and peasant revolt and was an obstacle to economic development
 * 49) Key to socail reform was to tfree the serfs
 * 50) Serfs won freedom and gained opportunities to become landowners, but they won few political rights, and they had to pay a redemption tax for the lands they received
 * 51) resulted in little agricultural production
 * 52) Political and Legal Reform
 * 53) 1864- government created "zemstros"- district assembliesd to make decisions- all classes represented
 * 54) Weak, noblesd dominated, tsar could veto
 * 55) Judiciary System 1864 more effective, Juries, Independent judges, professional attorneys to handle different cases- based on western European models
 * 56) Industrialization- way to strengthen RUssia
 * 57) Not based on western European Industrialization
 * 58) Witte System- created by Count Sergei Witte- minister of finance from 1892 to 1903- goal was to stimulate economic development
 * 59) Railway construction linked Russia, stimulated other industries (Trans- Siberian Railway)
 * 60) Remodled state bank and encouraged the establishment of savings banks
 * 61) Secured foreign loans and implemented taxes> developing steel and coal and petroleum industries
 * 62) Industrail Discontent Intensified
 * 63) Peasant and Industrial workers started strikes becvause they were unwilling to live the low standard of life that WItte started
 * 64) Working classes were overworked in hard conditions (again)
 * 65) Government outlawed strikes, but they still occured
 * 66) Business people happy with intensified industrialization
 * 67) Represison and Revolution
 * 68) Protest (1870s) antigovernment and revolutionary
 * 69) Peasants wanted land, political power, and effective change
 * 70) University students wanted social changes, socialism, and anarchism (very violent)
 * 71) Repression- government censored publications and sent secret police to infilrate and break up dissident organizations
 * 72) Only encouraged protestors
 * 73) Russification- banned use of languages other than RUssian, anti- Jew riots were tolerated
 * 74) Terrorism- tool of opposition
 * 75) Alexander 11 assassinated by bomb in 1881
 * 76) Nicholas 11 (took Alexander's spot after his death) more oppresive and conservative
 * 77) Russo- Japanese War (1904-1905) Russian expansion to east leads to conflict with Japan
 * 78) The Revolution of 1905- started because fo Russia losing Russo- Japanese War
 * 79) Bloody Sunday Massacre- workers arrived at tsar's palace and 130 were ikilled by government officials
 * 80) Peasants took landlord's property
 * 81) Urban workers made soviets on strike
 * 82) Nicholas had to create puma- Russia's first parliamentary institution: did not stop unrest
 * 83) Romanov dynasty declining


 * __ The Chinese Empire Under Siege __**
 * reforms that Qing dynasty made = unsuccessful

1. Opium Trade 2. The Opium War (1839-1842) 3. Unequal Treaties 1. The Taiping (Great Peace) Program 2. Taiping Defeat __**Reform Frustrated**__ 1. The Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-1895) 2. Spheres of Influence 3. The Hundred Days Reforms 4. The boxer Rebellion (1899- 1900) 1. Crisis and Reform 2. Foreign Pressure 3. End of Tokugawa Rule 4. Meiji Restoration (1868) __**Meiji Reforms**__ 1. Foreign Influences >
 * __The Opium War and Unequal Treaties__**
 * in 1759 Europeans traded only w/ //cohongs (//merchants w/ strict trading laws under chinese gov.)
 * effect: Europeans trading w/ china was limited for Europeans at this time
 * to get more $ the British East India Company used Turkish and Persian Experties to grow Opium in India
 * trade for valuable Chinese Silver
 * silver brought to to England -> traded in important Chinese city Guangzhou
 * trading Opium was illegal -> addicted Chinese did little to enforce
 * Chinese lost lots of silver
 * Lin Zexu made strong effort to stop trade altogether (1839)
 * his efforts ignited the Opium war
 * happened b/c Brits were upset b/c of losing $ from the stop of the trade
 * w/ powerful navy and more advanced land machines (guns, etc.)
 * Chinese suffered big loss
 * ended when British went for the Yangzi river -> Chinese called for peace b4 Grand Canal (linking Yangzi and Yellow)
 * Treaties following several conflicts after the Opium War (that were unspecified) gave a lot of power to foreign countries in China
 * Treaty of Nanjing was good for Britain mainly, but also many other European countries and the US and Japan
 * by 1900 90% of the Chinese ports were not controlled by China
 * __The Taiping Rebellion__**
 * lack of of land cultivation was hard on the massive pop. increase
 * land was still in the hands of the wealthy
 * this caused many rellions the most dangerous was the Taiping
 * rebellion (18540-1864)
 * Hong Xiuquan was main leader
 * wanted to end Qing rule, didn't like Manchus
 * wanted radical social change-> no footbinding concubinage, private property, free education (and more in that sense)
 * Rebellion popular in Southeast China
 * Seized Nanjing and made capital
 * thought about capturing Beijing and Shanghi
 * Qing and manchus and Foreign gov and armies overthrew
 * Hong Xiuquan committed suicide in 1864
 * dynasty went downhill from there
 * that war was devastating to the Chinese pop.
 * Qing wanted to become better at governing-> confucian rule to solve probs.
 * wanted to become more industrial like Europeans while still keeping the cultural Chinese ways
 * "Chinese leaning at the base, Western learning for use"
 * still was confucian
 * chinese had a tough time embracing industry
 * Empress dowager Cixi opposed the change
 * chinese lost land w/ the independence of
 * French influence Vietnam
 * Japan: Korea, Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula
 * qing granted foreign powers use of railway systems
 * Confusian scholars Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao
 * radical ideas-> modernize China
 * Emporer Guangzu up for it, Cixi not
 * Cixi made scholars flee from China
 * when boxers under Cixi's influence tried to rid Chinese Christians and Foreign powers
 * w/ help of Europeans, Boxers defeated
 * Qing went bankrupt
 * 1908 Cixi died-> 1912 was the end of the qing
 * __ The Transformation of Japan __**
 * __ From Tokugawa to Meiji __**
 * crop failure, high taxes, rising rice prices = rebellions
 * bakufu tried to make conservative reforms
 * Mizuno Tadakuni was shogun
 * ended the $ probs
 * made Japan much more open to Foreigners
 * countries forced unequal treaties
 * ppl started to not like Shoguns, especially in provinces
 * dissidents wanted there to to be no shogun or emporer
 * civil war-> tokugawa armis defeated dissident militia
 * meiji / Mutsuhito regained authority
 * end of military rule in Japan
 * wanted to be more westernized
 * Fukuzawa Yukichi studied western constituion and education
 * Ito Hirobumi helped build Japanese gov. to be more westernized
 * 1) ## THESE ARE NOW NOTES FROM WEBSITE + MY INPUT
 * 2) abolition of Social order
 * 3) Daimyo and samurai lost status and privileges
 * 4) Districts reorganized to break up old feudal domains
 * 5) New conscript army ended power of samurai; rebelled in 1877 but lost
 * 6) wanted to centralized gov.
 * 7) afterwards, didn't fear military overthrow
 * 1) Revamping tax system
 * 2) Converted grain taxes to a fixed money tax: more reliable income for state
 * 3) Assessed taxes on potential productivity of arable land
 * 4) peasants now had hard time paying taxes

**THE BUILDING OF GLOBAL EMPIRES**
MOTIVES OF IMPERIALISM Modern Imperialism Modern Colonialism Economic Motives of Imperialism Political Motives of Imperialism Cultural Justifications of Imperialism
 * FOUNDATIONS OF EMPIRE**
 * Proponents of empire in 19th century Europe created political, economic, and cultural arguments
 * They used these to justify conquest and control of foreign lands
 * Imperialism means the domination of mostly European powers over subjects in the larger world
 * Often arose from trade, investment, and business with other areas that lead to influence without total control
 * This involved not just sending colonists to settle new lands
 * Colonists were also sent for political, social, economic, and cultural reasons
 * Large numbers of settlers werent even necessary in some areas
 * Many Europeans came to believe imperial expansion was crucial for survivial of their states/societies
 * Many merchants and entrepeneurs became very wealthy in the process also
 * Imperialism was motivated by societal and individual economics
 * Colonies provided resources necessary in industrialization like rubber, tin, and ocpper
 * Proponents also claimed manufactured goods and migrants would flow back into colonies, this was not true however
 * Some colonies were valuable politically and militiarily
 * Some were on sea lanes, were harbors or supply stations
 * Imperialism also gave communists, socialists, and industrialists a common goal
 * Religious justification was also prominent
 * Christian missionaries came to colonies and established settlements
 * Europeans also sought to introduce "civilization" to lands seen as uncivilized

TOOLS OF EMPIRE Transportation Technologies Military Technologies Communications Technologies
 * Most important were steamships and railroads
 * Steamships became larger, ironclad, faster, and more able to go up rivers
 * Construction of canals (Suez: 1859-1865 and Panama: 1904-1914) aided trransport
 * Railroads aided in overland travel after colonies were established
 * Started with smoothbore muskets which were slow to load and inaccurate
 * Progressed to breech-loading rifles by 1870
 * Had rifled machine guns like the Maxim gun in the 1880s
 * Powerful weapons aided European militaries greatly
 * Steamships made oceanic communication much faster than sialing ships
 * Sailing ships took two years to get from Britian to India
 * Steamships with the Suez canal could do it in two weeks
 * Telegraph lines provided overland comm. from the 1830s
 * Telegraph lines through oceans began in 1850s, Cable lines linked Britain all over the world by 1902
 * Greatly increased message speed for military, economic, and political usage

THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA Company Rule British Imperial Rule
 * EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM**
 * Grew out of trade in India through East India Company
 * Got permission from Mughals to build fortified posts on Indian coastlines
 * Used these areas for trading posts and warehouses
 * Traded for pepper, cotton, silk. porcelain, and spices, also coffee and tea later
 * EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in 1750s
 * Used Indian troops called sepoys, led by British officers, to maintain control
 * Sepoys mutinied, revolted in 1857, had some victories early
 * British troops were sent to India, rebellion crushed by May 1758
 * The EIC and Queen Victoria imposed direct cotrol over India
 * Built railroads, telegraphs, etc. to link India with global economy
 * Suppressed Indian customs such as sati

IMPERIALISM IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST ASIA The Great Game
 * The great game was the adventure of militaries and imperialists of Britain and Russia pursued influence in central/southeast Asia
 * explorers from both nations scouted and mapped vast areas for tactical reasons
 * The Spanish Phillipines and Dutch East Indies became valuable for resources
 * British gained control of Burma (Myanmar) and Singapore as a strategic port
 * French Indochina conssted of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
 * By 1900, all of Southeast Asia but one country was under colonial/imperial control

SRAMBLE FOR AFRICA Berlin Conference Systems of Colonial Rule
 * Between 1875 and 1900, European imperial powers rushed to colonize almost all of Africa
 * Expeditions were based on travels of early explorers who recorded rivers and suitable mission locations
 * King Leopold of Belgium began to colonize Central Africa
 * Britain began to occupy and take over Egypt, partly to ensure Suez Canal's safety
 * Dutch EIC already had a foothold in South Africa, with Boers or Afrikaners (settlers)
 * Settlers fought with locals, decimated local populations
 * Many locals moved away from British controlled areas around Cape Colony and established their own free states
 * British miners then discovered precious gems and metals, fought with Boer settlers
 * Delegates from Europe and America (none from Africa) met in 1884-1885
 * set ground rules of African colonization of occupying only previously unclaimed areas
 * All of Africa but Ethiopia and Liberia were colonized by 1896
 * Earliest approach was concessionary companies, private companies wer given gov't grants
 * Companies basically ran colonization, but had to use brutal forced labor and returned little profit
 * Direct and indirect rule then came about
 * Direct rule was European officials in charge of administration
 * Direct rule had difficulty with local languages and shortage of personnel to administrate
 * Indirect rule was controlling people through already existing local structures
 * Was very erratic and confusing at times
 * J. Bauer**

European Imperialism in the Pacific
 * In Australia and New Zealand they established political institutions
 * Other parts of the Pacific were mainly for commotities

Settler colonies in the Pacific
 * 1770 Captian James Cook anchored at Botany Bay
 * 1788 a British fleet established the colony of New South Wales
 * 1851 Discovery of gold brought many people to Australia
 * Diseases devestated the indigenous population
 * Conflicts between Britain and Australia rose when land was being disputed
 * By the 1900s, Britain had succeded in placing the indigenous throughtout the continent
 * Britain also pressed New Zealand to sign the Treaty of Waitangi
 * Was interpreted differently by each side
 * Britain thught that it ment that they took New Zealand as a colony

U.S. Imperialism
 * The Emergence of New Imperial Powers**
 * 1823 President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine
 * Warned European Imperialism from happening in the western hemisphere
 * 1867 U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia
 * 1875 claimed protectorate over Hawaii for its sugarcane plantations
 * 1893 Hawaiian Kingdom ended from a planter revolt, in which the U.S. acquired it
 * 1898 Hawaii became a state

Spanish-Cuban-American War
 * Started after the U.S. Battleship //Maine// exploded
 * U.S. Easily defeated Spain and took control on Cuba and Puerto Rico
 * After beating the Spainish fleet again, they took Guam and the Philippines

The Panama Canal
 * Panama canal came from atlantic colonies wanting a path to trade with pacific colonis
 * U.S. supported rebellions in Columbia, and they helped make the state of Panama
 * U.S. received the right to build in Panama for supporting their rebellion
 * "Roosevelt Corollary" helped gain control for the U.S.
 * Gain U.S. the right to intervene in domestic affairs in their side of the hemisphere
 * Strengthened U.S.'s Military and economic claims

Imperial Japan
 * 1870s Japan grabbed islands north and south of its mainland
 * 1876 Bought modern warships from Japan
 * Began to gain control over Korea, and put same restrictions as the japanese were given by U.S. and Britain onto Korea

Sino-Japanese War
 * 1876 treaty in Korea gave Japanese businesses a lot of profit
 * Rebellion in 1893 made Meiji leaders feared that it may become another countries land
 * China brought troops in Korea to restore order, Japan thought they wanted the land
 * 1894 Japan declared war on China
 * Superior naval capabilities lead to Japan winning in 5 hours
 * The Japanese victory lead to startled european nations
 * Lead to tensions between Russia and Japan

Russo-Japanese War
 * War started in 1904
 * Superior naval capabilities lead to Japan winning in 1905
 * Japan gained Korea, and Liaodong peninsula from the war

Empire and Economy
 * Legacies of Imperialism**
 * Main Motive for imperialism was desire to gain natural resources
 * Trade within colonies thought mostly helped hte colonies

Economic and Social Changes
 * Originally products were made for local use
 * At the time, the main Nations wanted the raw product mainly for export,
 * New crops were introduced in many areas
 * Increased demand for tea gained Britain and its colonies wealth

Labor Migrations
 * Came from Imperial and Colonial Powers wanting to eploit natural resources

European Migration
 * Between 1800 and 1914, 50 Million European migrants left home for oversees opprotunies
 * Most people left from relatively poor agricultural societies
 * about 32 Million went to teh U.S.
 * Originally went for cheap land
 * Later became workers to industrialization

Indentured Labor Migration
 * Most migrants from Asia, Africa and the Pacific's traveled as indentured servants
 * Between 1820 and 1914 2.5 Million indentured servants left homes to work in other parts of the world
 * Labor providers offered a free ride, items, shelter, food, and clothing to workers who committed to work for 5-7 years
 * Sometimes free return passages were also offered
 * Majority came from India
 * Indentured Laborer trade began in 1820 when French and British traders sent migrants to work on Sugar plantations
 * After the opium war, recruiters also went to China for workers
 * Many Chinese workers went ot sugar plantations in Cuba and Hawaii

Empire and Migration
 * European migrations were only possible because tehy had established settler socities in temperate regions
 * Movements of Indentured Laborers was possible because colonial officials were able to recruit workers where they needed them in pre-established plantations and mines
 * Effected the world by depositing large groups of people in lands far from their original land

Colonial Conflict
 * Policies adapted by imerial powers and officials forced people of different societies to deal with each other regularly
 * Sometimes leade to conflicts between colonizers and subjects
 * sepoy rebellion is an example for India
 * Religion would appear as rebellions would draw strength from there
 * Maji Maji Rebellion, rebels sprinkled "magic water" (maji maji) onto themselves, which they thought would protect from german weapons
 * Somtimes resisted by boycotts, publishing anticolonial newspapers, persuing anticolonial policies through religion
 * Different types of people also lead to conflicts in working areas
 * Tensions would rise between different groups of workers

Scientific Racism
 * Social differences were the basis for academic persuit known as scientific racism
 * Became prominent after the 1840s
 * Gobineaus's idea on Human Races
 * 4 Main racial groups
 * Africans-unintelligent and lazy
 * Asians-smart and docile
 * Native Americans-dull and arrogant
 * Europeans-intelligent, noble and superior
 * They thought to identify groups based on their skin colour, body structure, and other physical characteristics
 * After the 1860s they drew heavly from Charles Darwins work
 * survival of the fittest
 * evolution happens over thousands of years
 * Better Indiviuals and races had competed better than and rest and they wre thought to be more evolved
 * Based domination of imperialism as a result of natural scientific principles

Popular Racism
 * People of imperial and colonial powers readily accepted racist views from their personal experience
 * Was mostly European Nations, U.S. and Japan
 * President McKinley tortured enemies as an effort to "Cvilize and Christianize"
 * 1890 Japanese newspapers portrayed chinese and koreas as dirty, stupid and cowarly
 * Japan thought it was their obligation to oversee the affairs of its neighbors

Nationalism and Anticolonial Movements
 * Colonial rule provoked subject people to develop a sense of identity
 * The potential of colonialism pushed subjects toward nationalism was most evident in India

Ram Mohan Ray
 * He was an Indian elite
 * Argued for teh construction of a society based of modern science and indian tradition of Hinduism
 * Supported some British colonial polices and helped improve the status of Christian women
 * Published many newspapers to try and push social reform in colonial India
 * Reform Societies flourished, appleaing to mostly upper-caste India
 * Drew on European Enlightenment

The Indian National Congress TN
 * Founded in 1885 with British approval
 * Forum for educated Indians to communicate their views on public affairs
 * Most talked about grievances of poverty, transfer of wealth from India to Britain, and tariff polocies
 * By the end of the 19th century they open sought self-rule over India
 * 1916 The congress joined forces with the All-Indian Muslim League
 * Gained independence in 1947