The+Islamic+Empires+-+The+Formation+(753-762)+2

= = = The Islamic Empires - The Formation (753-759) = CP LA
 * The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923)
 * Osman[[image:apworldhistorywiki/images.jpeg align="right"]]
 * The term Ottoman is from Osman Bey
 * Osman Bey was founder of the dynasty; founded in 1289
 * Bey means chief
 * Osman was the bey of a band of semi nomadic Turks who migrated to NW Anatolia in 13th century
 * Osman and his followers wanted to become ghazi
 * Ghazi: Muslim religious warriors
 * the poet Ahmadi described their ethos
 * he said the ghazi was the instrument of the religion
 * ghazi is sword of God
 * Ottoman Expansion
 * they were located on the borders of Byzantine empire
 * first great success: (1326) captured Anatolian city of Bursa (became capital of the Ottoman principality)[[image:apworldhistorywiki/muslim_ghazi.jpg width="266" height="250" align="right" caption="Ghazi"]]
 * 1352: seized fortress of Gallipoli and aided a claimant to the Byzantine throne
 * many ghazi flocked to the Ottomans
 * city of Edirne became second capital and a base for expansion into Balkans
 * Bursa became a major commercial and intellectual center
 * Had effective uses of gunpowder in battles
 * Ottoman Empire Expansion continued
 * Military machines important
 * ghazi recruits into two groups-> light calvary and volunteer infantry
 * slave troops formed, pro forces
 * 'devshirme' = institution that forced the Christian Balkans to sacrifice young boys to become slaves of the sultan
 * Janissaries=soldiers, 'yeni cheri' = turkish
 * Mehmed the Conqueror
 * Mehmed II captured Constantinople in 1453 --> important to expansion
 * formed Istanbul
 * Mehmed= warrior of two land and two seas, absolute
 * great conqueror, successor abandoned his plan of total power of Europe
 * Suleyman the Magnificent
 * Selim the Grim (1512-1520) expanded to Syria and Egypt
 * Suleyman the Magnificent(20-66) promoted expansion in SW Asia and Europe. (Tigris and Euphrates r.v., Baghdad)
 * Captured other countries reaching out to Danube and Vienna.
 * became major naval power
 * challenged powers in European seas


 * The Safavid Empire


 * Shah Ismail
 * Was the founder of the empire
 * Claimed Persian imperial title of shah (reigned 1501-1524)
 * Proclaimed Twelver Shiism official religion of his realm
 * Proceeded to impose it by force on formerly Sunni population
 * Seized control of Iranian plateau and launched expeditions into Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Central Asia[[image:ouline04.jpg width="213" height="287" align="right"]]


 * The Safavids
 * Shah Ismail and successors traced ancestry back to Safi al-Din, leader of Sufi religious order in northwestern Persia
 * Safin al-Din's tomb at Ardabil became home to Shah Ismail's family (family was named "Safavids" after him)
 * Tomb became headquarters of his religious movement and center of conspiracy to win power for his descendants
 * Safavids changed religious preferences in order to gain popularity before settling on a form of Shiism that appealed to Turkish nomads moving into area in post-Mongol era


 * Twelver Shiism
 * Held that there had been 12 infallible imams (religious leaders) after Muhammad, beginning with his cousin and son-in-law, Ali
 * The twelfth or "hidden" imam had gone into hiding around 874 to escape persecution
 * Twelver Shiites believed he was still alive and would return to take power
 * Ismail's father instructed Turkish followers to wear red hat with twelve pleats in memory of 12 Shiite imams
 * Became known as qizilbash ("red heads")
 * Safavid propaganda suggested Ismail was the hidden imam or even Allah's reincarnation
 * Qizilbash accepted pretensions since they resembled traditional Turkish conceptions of leadership that associated military leaders with divinity
 * Pretensions not accepted by Muslims
 * Qizilbash believed Ismail would make them invincible in battle and became loyal to Safavid cause

Battle of chaldiran (1514)
 * Sha Ismail had many powerful enemies such as the Sunni ottomans
 * Selim the Grim became sultan and he launched persecution of shiites in the ottoman empire and a full scal invasion of safavid territory
 * At the battle of Chaldiran the Ottomans used heavy artility, and thousands of Janissaries equiped with fire arms
 * the safavids knew about gun powder technology but refused to use it because they though it to be unreliable and un manly
 * theyt believed in the protective charisma of Shah Ismail
 * so the cavalry attacked the Ottomans fearlessly but suffered devastating casualties
 * the Ottoman emnpire didn't have the resources to destroy their empire so the two states remained in conflict for two centuries
 * After the Safavids recovered from the disaster at Chaldiran, they relied on the Persian bureacracy
 * the successors of Ismail abandones the extreme ideology that associated the emporer Allah and favored a more conventional Twelver Shiism
 * they assigned grants to qizilbash officers to retain their loyalty

Shah Abbas the great
 * Revitalized the Safavid empire (1588-1629)
 * He moved the capital to Isfahan, encourafed foreing tradeand reformed military and administrative institutions
 * He increased the use of gun powder weapons
 * and that led the state into many victories
 * his campaigns brought most of NW Iran, the caucasus, and Mesopotamia under Safavid rule

M.M. edited...