Urbanization+and+the+Changing+City+During+the+Industrial+Revolution

Urbanization and the Changing City During the Industrial Revolution (825-830)
T.B did pgs 825 and 826 and the first sentence of 827 N.H. did pgs 827 to the first paragraph of 829

Industrial society:
Industrialization brought many material benefits: inexpensive manufactured products, rising standards of living, and population growth. During the industrializatioan period, there were massive internal and external migrations that took place as millions of people moved to new industrial cities. It also encouraged the formation of the middle class and the working class. The most influencial critics of industrialization were the socialists- who did not disagree with industrialization but worked to make a more equitable society.

The Fruits of Industry:
Industrialization made production of manufactured goods more efficient and affordable. In London's Crystal palace, many of these manufactured items went on display for all to see. Colt revolvers and sewing machines became the representatives of the "American system of manufacture" which produced large quantities of goods at low prices. Industrialization raised material standards of living by producing vast amounts of cotton so that everyone apart from from the very poor, had several changes of clothes. Because of increased tools for agricultural work and steam locomotives, food prices declined and many homes stated accumulating furniture. The populations of European and Euro-American peoples rose sharply during the industrialization due to increased standards of living. Demographic growth was most spectacular in the temperate regions of the western hemisphere.

The Demographic Transition
The rapid population growth in Europe and the Americas reflected changing patterns of fertility and mortality. In most preindustrial societies fertility was high, but famines and epidemics resulted in high mortality, especially child mortality, which prevented explosive popu lation growth. High birthrates were common also in early industrializing societies, but death rates fell markedly because better diets and improved disease control reduced child mortality. By the late 19th century better diets and improved sanitation led to declining levels of adult as well as child mortality, so populations of industrial societies expanded even faster.

Beginning in the nineteenth century, industrializing lands experienced a social change kwon as the demographic transition, which refers to shifting patters of fertility and mortality. As industrialization transformed societies, fertility began a marked decline. Mortality fell even faster than fertility, so the populations of industrial societies continued to increase. Voluntary birth control led to declining fertility. Married couples might have chosen to have fewer offspring because raising them cost more in industrial than in agricultural societies or because declining child mortality meant that any children born were more likely to survive to adulthood.

Urbanization and Migration
Industrialization and population growth strongly encouraged migration and urbanization. Within industrial societies, migrants flocked from the countryside to urban centers in search of work. Industrial Britain led the world in urbanization. In 1800 about 1/5 of the British population lived in towns and cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants. During the following century a largely rural society became predominantly urban, with 3/4 of the population working and living in cities. This pattern repeated itself in continental Europe, the US, Japan, and the rest of the world. The increasing size of cities reflected this internal migration.

The Urban Environment
With urbanization came intensified environmental pollution. Although cities have always been putrid and unsanitary places, the rapid increasein urban populations during the industrial age dramatically increased the magnitude and severity of water and air pollution. The widespread burning of fossil fuels,such as wood and coal, fouled the air with vast quantities of chemicals and particulate matter. This pollution led to typical occupational diseases among some trades. Effluents from factories and mills and an increasing amount of untreated sewage dirtied virtually every major river. No part of a city was immune to the constant stench coming from the pollution. Tainted water supplies and unsanitary living conditions led to periodic epidemics of cholera and typhus, and dysentery and tuberculosis were also common sicknesses. Until the later 19th century, urban environments remained dangerous places in which death rates commonly exceeded birthrates, and only the constant stream of new arrivals from the country kept cities growing. Comfort and Security offered by city life depended on income. Wealthy homes were usually located in suburban areas where poor laborers lived in crowded cities and in badly made houses. As people began to expand to industrial cities, houses were made near factories and mills. These houses were typically crowded and increased the spread of disease. Government authorities later solved this by improving water supply, expanding sewage systems, and introduced a building code outlawing tenements. (MM)

Transcontinental Migration
Workers in the country moved to urban centers and caused a rapid population growth in Europe. This population growth caused massive migration to the Americas, mostly to the United States. During the 19th and early 20th century about 50 million Europeans migrated to the western hemishpere. Many of the migrants only intended to stay for a few years and return to their homeland w ith a modest fortune. Some did return, like, about 1/3 of the Italian migrants that traveled to Americas made the trip back. The majority did stay in the western hemisphere. Most of the migrants came from the British Isles in the early 19th century from Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia in the middle decade. In the late 19th century many migrants came from eastern an d southern Europe. The British migrants often sought to escape the dangerous factories of early industrial cities. The Irish migrants departed during the potato famines of the 1840's and millions of Jews left the Russian Empire in the 1890's because of the tsar's anti-Semitic policies. Many of the migrants entered the workforce of the United States, where they settled in new industrial centers like New York, Pittsburgh, and Cleveland. This labor made it possible for the United States to undergo rapid industrialization in the late 19th century.(L.F.)

** Interaction Between Humans and the Environment **
With the rapid urbanization and the increasing size of cities demanded products such as lumber, steal and man power. The effect of humans on the environment was negative. With the rapid urbanization came intensified environmental pollution, encluding both air and water. The increasing amount of sewage polluted mostly every major river. (L.F.)

** Development and Interaction of Cultures **
Migrants came from many different countries and located all in the same region. The interaction of languages and cultures throughout the cities was inmense. Migrants came from Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia, Italy and many other countries. Through religion they built churches or religious temples, through culture, markets arose with the foods of their homeland. Customs, values and traditions were observed by other ethic groups.(L.F.)



** State-Building, Expansion and Conflict **
With the rapid urbanization many conflicts occured. Environment issuses came up with the pollution of water and air. The diseases being caused by the chemicals and p

articulates in the air and harmful deposits in things such as chimneys. The increasing amount of untreated water sewage dirtied virtually every major river. The poor workers lived in small apartments close to factories or warehouses were the transmission of disease was likely. The expansion also caused high fertality rates, however with epidemics mortality rates were also very high, especially with children. Wasn't until the late 19th century, better diets and improved sanitation led to declining levels of adult and child mortality rates. (L.F.)

Industrialization brought efficiencies in productions that flooded markets with affordable manufactured goods. The "American system of manufacture" used interchangable parts in producing large quantities of standardized goods at low prices. Through the great amount of products being produced, many Europeans found themselves with many more goods them usual. Items of furniture, cabinents, porcelain, and decorative objects found their way into many European homes. With all of the production and rapid population growth the United States, the economy developed strong and powerful. (L.F.)
 * Creation, Expansion and Interaction of Economic Systems **

** Development and Transformation of Social Structures **
The poor often lived in small, poorly built appartments until the later 19th century when the government inforced building codes which made the tenements safer and easier to live in. The authorities also built parks and recreational facilities to make the cities more livable. (L.F.)