B+-+China+and+India+Two+Giants+of+Asia+-+Latin+America+Builds+Democracy

Chapter 21, Section 3: China and India: Two Giants of Asia

__China's Economic Reform__ : //Side note:// Communists: China wanted more political freedom, students, workers, and others supported a democracy movement. Deng and other communist leaders refused allowance of democracy reforms. In May of 1989 people of democracy support gathered at Check Point Question : Which group did the economic reforms in China benefit most? The group that benefited most in China from the economic reforms was farmers and Chinese entrepreneurs. wounding and/or killing many and arresting and/or torturing others. This showed that Chinese communist leaders were afraid to lose control. __Challenges in China__: //China's population:// China's population was about 1.3 billion, the largest in the world. The **one-child policy** (a government policy meant to limit urban families to one child; rural families could have two) was set in place to keep the population growth from hurting economy development. Fines were issued to those who had more than one. //Economic Growth Problems:// State-run industries were mostly unprofitable. The Chinese government sold off some but feared unemployment. Rapid urbanization happened as millions of rural families flocked and became poverty stricken and limited for resources. The government favored the rich with connections. Economic growth lead to severe air and water pollution leading to disease and death, AIDS spread, and health problems were abundant. //Human Rights Suffer:// Communists jailed critics and rejected political reform calls. Human-rights activists in and out of China focused on abuses since China was hosting the 2008 Olympics. Some pointed out issues were lack of free speech and use of prison labor for cheap export goods. China's traders forced a change if they wanted to continue trading. Some even said that they suppressed Tibet's Buddhist culture. However, China didn't want to take in the west's "Western-style". Check Point Questions : How did the Chinese government respond to political criticism? The Chinese government responded to political criticism by continuing to jail critics and ignore political reform calls. China was irritated that other powers were trying to forge them to do the "Western-style". __India's Economy Builds__: India used modern technology to expand agriculture and industry. The government slightly became a command economy using 5 year plans to achieve economic goals and manage resources. Some industries developed but India didn't produce oil or natural gases so they had to rely on imported oil. The green revolution was a hope to increase food production. New seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation helped the crops grow. Only wealthy farmers with enough land could afford these. Poor farmers barely got by using the traditional style of growing. India shifted to a free market system. It privatized some industries and eased restrictions on foreign investments. Indian textiles, technology, and other industry were expanding rapidly. Indian companies sell published computers and customer service. //Side Note:// Combating Population growth and poverty: The population increase hurt living conditions. Food output had risen but demand followed. More than 1/3 lived below the poverty line (unable to meet basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter). Improved population added pressure to the healthcare system which was also pressured by AIDS. The population boom and near labor-less ways of the Green Revolution had millions of rural families migrating into cities but over crowding occurred forcing people to be jobless (ie. **Kolkata** and **Mumbai**) To help this urban poor population **Mother Teresa** (a Roman Catholic nun) opened the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta which provided food and healthcare for thousands but millions still suffered. Indian government backed family planning. Effort to slow population growth had small success. Poor Indians still saw children as a means of economic help. Check Point Questions : How did the Green Revolution affect India's economic growth? The Green Revolution affected India's economic growth by making it grow! They started to get more money from sold crops and other items. __Reforms in Indian Society__: The spread of education and modern economic growth took out traditional patterns in life. The changes brought improvements for women and the lowest social castes. Most Indians still lived rurally. India's constitution banned discrimination against the Dalists (the lowest caste in India), the government set aside jobs and places in universities for them. Prejudice and discrimination continued, higher caste Hindus received better schooling and jobs and often blocked government plans for more dalist jobs. The constitution gave women equal rights as well. Girls were educated, followed a profession, and even went into political offices. Poor girls, on the other hand, received almost no schooling. In rural areas women worked for home industries and/or farms without pay. Indian women have taken political action and set up self help organizations to improve their lives. Check Point Questions : How did the Indian government try to improve the status of dalists? The Indian government tried to improve the status of the dalists by banning discrimination of them. They set aside jobs and places in universities for them.
 * Deng Xiaoping** (the new leader of China following Mao) became leader hoping to improve economy. //"I don't care if a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice."// Deng's program (The Four Modernizations) emphasized on agriculture, industry, science, and defense. It had some features of a free market, like private ownership of property. Communes (collectively owned farms) were dismanteled and peasant families were given plots in farmland for "The Responsibility System". They didn't own the land and the governemnt took a share of their crops, but farmers could sell surplus products, keeping its profits. Managers of state-run factories wee given freedom hoping to make more efficient plants. He also welcomed technology and foreign capital. Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and western nations were some foreign investors who brought about an economic boom!
 * Tiananmen Square** (a large public plaza in the center of China's capital. They raised banners calling for democracy. They refused to disperse and troops and tanks were forced to break up the protest. The Tiananmen Square Massacre happend

__Vocabulary:__
 * Deng Xiaoping-** A moderate leader of China takind Mao's place. He wanted to improve the economy more than Politics.
 * Tiananmen Square-** A huge public plaza at the center of China's capital.
 * One-Child Policy-** A government act meant to limit urban families to one child.
 * Kolkata-** An Indian city that swarmed but couldn't provide jobs or basic services.
 * Mumbai-** An Indian city that swarmed but couldn't provided jobs or basic services.
 * Mother Teresa-** A Roman Catholic nun founded the Missionarries of Charity in Calcutta.
 * Dalists-** The lowest caste in India.

__Check Point Questions:__ 1. Which group did the economic reforms in China benefit most? The group that benefited most in China from the economic reforms was farmers and Chinese entrepreneurs. 2. How did the Chinese government respond to political criticism? The Chinese government responded to political criticism by continuing the jail critics and ignore political reform calls. China was irritated that other powers were trying to force them to do the "Western-style". 3. How did the Green Revolution affect India's economic growth? The Green Revolution affected India's economic growth by making it grow! They started to get more money from sold crops and other items. 4. How did the Indian government try to improve the status of dalists? The Indian government tried to improve the status of dalists by banning discrimination of them. They set aside jobs and places in universities for them.

Chapter 21, Section 4: Latin American Builds Democracy [SUMMARY]

Vocabulary:
 * Import substitution-** manufacturing goods locally to replace import.
 * Agribusiness-** giant commercial farms, often owned by multinational corporations.
 * Liberation Theology**- reform that urges church's to become a force of reforms.
 * Organization of America State (OAS)-** formed in 1948 to promote democracy.
 * Sandinista-** movement of socialist rebels toppled the rulings of Somonza family. Ruled during the Nicaragua of 1980s
 * Contra-** guerrillas who fought Sandinistas
 * Indigenous-** native, populations, slaughtered thousands of Native Americans
 * Juan Peron-** nationalist president in Argentina 1949 to 1955, again elected in 1973. Had great working support raised wages and backed Labor Unions.
 * Mother of Plaza de Mayo-** outside of central plaza woman marched silently holding pictures of their missing sons and daughters kidnapped by the government never seen again disappeared.

[How have Latin American government tried to improve their economies?] instead of relying just on a single cash crop or commodity to earn money for imports but gave up on I ports because of high prices. They tried to gener ate [What obstacles have stood in the way of democracy in Latin America?] inequality/ gap between rich and poor, "death squad" linked to government murdered. Catholic churches was a powerful force across Latin America. Cuda's bridle Castro believed that only communism could end inequalities. Military rulers taking control of governments power. Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominating government since 1920s. Claiming to be representing all groups in Mexico society but they forcefully moved against any serious oppositions.income by exporting. The government made efforts to open more farmland through irrigation and clearing of forests for exporting goods. [What role did Argentina's military play in the struggle?] military took control of the governments roles continuously, over 20 years. The military in 1976 seized control of the government. Military wars inside there own country caused failed policies, disasters and weak country because of the citizens being killed. Latin America experienced a population explosion that contributed to harsh times of poverty. Population made it hard for farmers, they had to work for the estates of large places with low wages. Shortage of land caused millions of peasants to cities.Latin America surpassed 400 million in 2000 population raising. United States used economy pressure and threats of military actions. In Latin America it was difficult to reach Democracy because of the property and inequality. In 1950s and 1970s Striking population created poverty, groups pressing for reforms, anyone against autocratic regimes or social inequality would be killed by 'death squad' if discovered against autocratics. Threatened revolution some were responding to call revolution by Cuba's Fidel Castro. They believed that only communism could end inequalities. __**Argentina and Democratic Struggles**__ At first Argentina's government was ran by wealthy elites then Peron which suppressed opposition, leading educated people to fled the country. Economic trouble came upon from **Peron's** policies.**Peron's** was elected a second time. He died military took power again in 1976. The " dirty war" began the war was torture and murder of its own citizens, about 20,000 people kidnapped. By 1983, policies failed and war lost with Britian over Falkland Islands forcing to restore civilian rule and allow elections. // Drug Wars! // During the Cold War concerns weren't the only reason U.S. military interventions. Illegal drugs became common, in 1998s U.S. government declared a "war of drugs". U.S. tried to stop drugs from being smuggled from North. The United States pressed Latin America to destroy drug crops and crush. Critics in Latin America claimed that the main problem as that United States had a demand for illegal drugs. U.S. has spent billions of dollars in anti-drug assistance programs aimed to reduce Latin America illegal drug flow. Drug lords would bribe government officials. Also they would hired assassins to kill judges and others who worked against drug dealers.
 * __Latin-America Poverty__**
 * __Road to Democracy__**