South+Asia+(87-99)+2

=South Asia 87-105=

**Aryans**
1.About the Aryans A.Herding people and spoke an Indo-European language B.1500 B.C.E.-Migrated to south Asia 2.Indra A.Ayrans thought of Indra as their leader(against earthly & heavenly enemies) B.War god- C. drank fought, and feasted **AM** D.rambunctous god worshipped by Aryans. **AM** D.Indra was the hero until the mix and mingle with the natives. **AM** 3.Societies A.Paleolithic communities (from two hundred thousand years ago) in India shown by tools discovered B.Neolithic society built west of Indus River (between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.) C.7000 B.C.E.-Agriculture began in Indus River Valley D.Earliest urban soceity in India was Harappan society and brought wealth & power to Indus River Valley E.Aryan and Dravidian peoples interaction led to rich & cultural tradition

**Harappan Society**
1.Studying the Harappan Society A.Rising water levels leave archaeologists unable to study the Harappan Society B.Earliest accessible remains are from 2500 B.C.E. C.Harappans had system of writing (system of writing consisted of four hundred symbols) Foundations of Harappan Society D.Population grew rapidly. **AM** E. 3000 BCE, neolithic villages evolving into city **AM** 1.The Indus River A.Allowed for agricultural society in northern India B.Indus valley people cultivated cotton (before 5000 B.C.E.) and had a cotton textile industry (Evidence consists of dyed cloth dating to 2000 B.C.E.) C.Agricultural success in India caused increased food supply, population, specialized labor, and establishment of cities D.Dravidian peoples created complex society (3000-2500 B.C.E.) and had control over Indus River Valley (until 1900 B.C.E.) E.Indus from rains and snow from Himalayas. The silt garnered lead to rich soil. **AM** F.Two large cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Harrapan was larger than Mesopotamia and Egypt. **AM** G.Runs through north India. **MH** 2.Political Organization A.No edvience discovered to prove any political system B.Due to the size, the two major cities were very important even if not politically or maturely. **AM** 3.Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro A.Both served as centers of political authority and places for collection/redistribution of taxes (paid in grain) B.Established patterns that shaped larger societies: weights, measures, architectural styles, brick sizes C.Trade, travel, and communication were controlled by the Indus River 4.Specialized Labor and Trade A.Harappans traded with Mesopotamians (2300-1750 B.C.E.) B. copper, ivory, and pearls, for wool, and leather.**AM** C.They followed the coastline.**AM**

**Harappan Society and Culture**
1.Society A.Mohenjo- Daro was thriving economically with a populator of forty thousand. B.goldsmiths and potters. **AM** C. The water and sewage were sophisticated. **AM** D. There were rulers and social stratification. **AM** 2.Social Distinctions A.Poor and rich live different styles (poor lived in one room dwellings, rich lived in houses with two or three stories and a dozen of rooms) B.Harappan beliefs/values difficult to understand with the lack of understanding of the writing C. No Temples or Pyramids **AM** 3.Fertility Cults A.Fertility was strong concern in their religion B.Harappans created gods/goddesses to associate with creation and procreation 4.Harappan Decline A.Climate and ecological changes hurt agriculture (that hurt the Harappan society) B.Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro population left the cities in 1700 B.C.E. because it became impossible to keep a complex urban society C.Harappan cities entirely collapsed (1500 B.C.E.) D. Issues were deforestation leading to a desert and natural disasters. **AM**

**The Indo-European Migrations And Early Aryan India**
1.Aryans ("noble people") A.1500 B.C.E.-Herding & agricultural communities established throughout northern India B.Interactions between Dravidian and Indo-European people brought social & cultural foundations (foundations remain influential in present day India society) 2.The Early Aryans By 1500, Aryans established small communities, but over centuries. There was no invasion. Limited amount of agriculture, but more on pastoral. Horses were valuable. Chariots were devastating against footmen. Cattle became principal wealth. Cattle not sacred until many years later. - **AM** 3.The Vedas No writing but poems and songs. They transmitted works orally in Sanskrit, the sacred language. The Vedas are the earliest. They were hymns honoring gods. The most important was Rig Veda, 1028 hymns to Aryan gods, and committed that and the three other Vedas to writings. The four gave a priestly perspective, for considerable light. - **AM** 4.The Vedic Age A.Aryans did not have state/common government B.1500 to 500 BCE was the Vedic age, where Aryans repeatedly clashed. - **AM** C.Aryans called the indigenous people dasas or enemies. Indra destroyed the enemies. Land and resources led to conflict. The Aryans fought interior, formed organized communities and villages with chiefdoms and raja leaders. **LA, AM** There were often raids. - **AM** 5.Aryan Migrations in India A.1000 B.C.E.-Settled between Himalayan foothills and Ganges River B.Made iron tools (axes and iron-tipped plows) C.Iron tools brought increased production of food & increased population D.Increased population lead to establisment of first cities 6.Changing Political Organization A.Emergence of formal political institutions

**Origins of the Caste System**
1.Caste and Varna A.Caste refers to a social class of hereditary and unchangeable status. **KH** B.Caste identities developed gradually as the Aryans established settlements throughout India. **KH** C.Varna- meaning color **KH** D.Social distinctions arose from differences in skin color. **KH** E.Increased interaction between Aryans and Dravidians along with developing social complexities brought the social distinctions.**MH** F.The word "Varna" was used when referring to major social classes. **MH** G.Social distinctions based on ancestors of Aryans and Dravidians(they were born in to their "Varna" or social class) **MH** 2.Social Distinctions in the Late Vedic Age A. (1000 B.C.E) Aryans recognized four main varnas: priests(brahmins); warriors and aristocrats(kshatriyas); cultivators, artisans, and merchants(vaishyas); and landless peasants and serfs(shudras). **KH, MH** B.Brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas, and shudras were the names of the four main varnas **MH** C. Untouchable category (people who did dirty/unpleasant tasks such as butchering animals and handling dead bodies) was added near the end of the Vedic age. **KH, MH** 3.Subcastes and Jati A. Jati were subcastes where every person with the same tasks, down to the minute detail, would be in a jati. The jati would live and eat together. Viola B.Occupation determined one's jati **MH** C.Caste system had several thousand jati (by 18th and 19th centuries C.E.) **MH** D.Each jati told a person exactly what their role was **MH** E.Each caste system had their own rules and if the rules were not followed, the individual would be punished (expulsion from the groups) **MH** 4.Caste and Social Mobility A.Caste system melded to fit the people. People could move down but were unable to move up. **AM** B.Allowed people from foreign places to live in Indian society. **MH** C.Caste system provided social stability and kept social discipline. **MH**
 * [[image:apworldhistorywiki/caste-system (1).jpg width="226" height="259"]]MH**

**The Development of Patriarchal Society**
1.Gender Distinctions A.Women had no public authority B.Gender distinctions were the basic under which a stong patriarchal society was created. **MH** C.Men dominated Aryan society (all priests, warriors, tribal chiefs were men)(descent recognized through male line) **MH** D.Education only provided to men. **MH** 2.The Lawbook of Manu A.Proper moral behavior and social relationships B.Specified that most important duties for women were to bear children and maintain good homes for their families. **MH** 3.Sati A.Showed womens dependence on men. **MH** B.Woman joined husband in death by throwing herself in funeral pyre with dead husband. **MH** C.Became popular custom in India. **MH** 1.Hinduism/Aryan Gods A.Combination of Aryan traditions and Dravidian beliefs & values B.Hinduism became very popular in India and parts of southeast Asia. **MH** C.Rig Veda's hymns, songs, and prayers show Aryan values D.Indra-chief deity of the Rig Veda (was primarily considered a war god). **MH** 2.Religion/Ritual Sacrifice A.Sacrified animals to get good favor from the gods 3. Spirituality A. People dissatisfied with gods. Many went to Ganges to live as hermits for spirituality. Took on Dravidian ideas of after death form. - **AM**
 * Religion In The Vedic Age**

1. The Upanishads A.Upanishads means disciples gathering before a sage for discussion of religious issues. **AM** B.Dialogues for vedas **AM** C.Most disciples were men **MH** 2. Brahman, the Universal Soul A.each person participates in a larger cosmic order and forms a small part of a universal unchanging soal, Brahman, the goal to be uniting with that soul. **AM** B.Believed that individual's souls were born in to the universe multiple times (could be a human, animal, plant)(the idea of reincarnation) **MH** C.Believed that escaping cycle of birth/rebirth was highest goal for an individual's soul **MH** 3. Teachings of the Upanishads A.Pure by pure deeds and vise versa B.Karma leads to affect of reincarnation C.Escape the cycle for mosksha a dreamless sleep D.Done by separating worldly ties. **AM** E.Doctrine of samsara (document used to help explain reincarnation) told that when one dies they go to the World of Fathers and later return to earth in a new incarnation. **MH** F.Doctrine of Karma tells about specific incarnations that soul goes through. **MH** G. Moksha-Physical state characterized by deep/dreamless sleep that comes with permanently being free from physical incarnation. **MH** 4. Religion and Vedic Society A.Some thought it was a ruse to get people to observe caste duties. B.Sages tried to deal with spiritual and intellectual problem C.Concepts like karma and samsara, life flow, seemed to permeate through reality AM D.Doctrines of samsara and karma explain why individuals are born in their castes (the reason being they behaved badly during previous incarnation). **MH**
 * The Blending of Aryan and Dravidian Values**


 * -Unmarked information added by MH (mostly A and Bs)**

__**1. Interactions between humans and the environment**__
//__Migration Patters of Settlement__// Aryans were people that based their agriculture and cultivation off of the Indus River. The Indus River gave the people the ability to irrigate crops and build neolithic societies. With the advantage of agriculture and cultivation it gave the people the ability to migrate and spread their societies, but soon having interactions with different groups of people. The Aryan people mixed with the Dravidian people to create a much greater civilization. The Aryans adopted Dravidian agricultural techniques but also competed over land and resources which caused conflict. Instead of having a single government or state, they had hundreds of chiefdoms (a territory where a single chief rules) which also lead to a lot of conflict. Soon they spread east ad south to establish communities, but as the population became even more dense they migrated even farther south. **-ES** //__Technology__// The technology of Aryans went from tools to craft pottery and make textiles, to advanced systems of a city sewage system. to start with the people had iron tools and then iron plows to clear forests. The first advanced technology they had was irrigation for the crops, but soon added on to the building of a civilization. The people didn't build pyramids, palaces, or magnificent tombs but did build several structures that acted like homes. There was a clear distinction between wealthy and poor. Some individual houses had two or three stories with dozens of rooms and an interior courtyard, while few very large houses with dozens of rooms and multiple courtyards. Most of the larger houses had built in ovens and mostly all of the houses had private bathrooms that had showers and toilets that drained into the cities sophisticated sewage system. The Aryan people also had horses to carry carts and wagons. **-ES**

**__2. Development and Interaction of cultures__**
__//Religions Belief systems, philosophies & ideologies//__ Aryan values that were known at that time also were the hymn, songs, and prayers in the Rig Veda. The chief deity of Rig Veda was Indra. Indra was known to be a war god. Aryans used Indra for wealth on rain to water the crops and land. Aryans also had different deities including gods of sun, sky, moon, fire, health, disease, dawn, and underworld. Even though Aryans thought of Indra highly as a military leader, religion did not mess with ethics. They believed that the god Varuna watched over them and saw their behavior. Varuna and his helpers disliked lying and evil deeds of all things so they performed severe punishments. Included disease and death. Those who did a large amount of evildoing was sent to the House of Clay, a dreary and miserable realm of punishment. Those who did good went to the Aryan heaven, also known as the World of Fathers. In early Vedic times, ritual sacrifices were a minor aspect of Aryan religion. Aryans did sacrifices to win favor of the gods Once Aryans entered India the sacrifices became more intense and more common since they involved slaughter of dozen of animals from Aryans' herds. After the collection of animals the priests spoke sacred and mysterious chants and worshipers took part of soma, a hallucinogenic drink that gave off sensations of power and divine inspiration. To please the gods they made frequently large sacrifices to gain support for various favors(i.e military success, large families, long life, abundant herds of cattle). To get their granted reward from the gods they had to constantly perform no less than five sacrifices per day at a household with a presence of a brahmin. ** LA **

Dravidian people worshiped nature spirits that associated with fertility and new life, they also believed that human souls turn into physical forms after death. Upanishads came into the Vedic age (800 to 400 B.C.E) and literally translated to "a sitting in front of" and it practiced disciples gather before a sage to discuss religious issues. Men took part of Upanishads and only a few women got involved. Upanishads taught that appearances are deceiving and that each person was in Brahman, an eternal, unchanging, permanent foundation for all things that exist. Upanishads believed that individuals were not born just once physically in the world but many times. Upanishads believed in karma and being involved in the cycle of rebirth. ** -LA **

Caste systems helped organize Indian society and helped create cultural and religious traditions. The Aryans mixed with Dravidians after spreading out through India and encountered new religious ideas that Aryan's thought were interesting. As a result a fusion of Aryan traditions and Dravidian beliefs and values began the foundation of Hinduism, a popular religion popular in India and parts of southeast Asia. **LA**

__//The arts and architecture//__ A variety of statues, figurines, and pictures were carved onto seals that represented traditional art. Harappan society also excelled in gold, copper, and bronze metallurgy. -**LA**



__**3. State-building, expansion and conflict**__
__//Political structures and forms of governance//__ Harappan society and their form of governance is unknown to today's world. Archaeologists have been unable to find evidence to support the existence of a Harappan politcal system. However a common theory among archaeologists is that the Harappan societies were governed by city-states, as in the Sumerian societies. The Caste system (unchanging social classes) governed the lifes of the early Aryans living in India through their social classifications.**-MH** __//Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolutions//__ The individuals who lived in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro left the cities in 1700 B.C.E.. Difficulties made having a complex urban society impossible, forcing some to leave the cities. Harappan cities had almost entirely collapsed around 1500 B.C.E..**-MH** __//Regional, trans-regional and global structures and organizations//__ Trade between countries was helped by the Indus River. The Indus River provided an accessible way for people to trade with far away areas. This allowed the Mesopotamians and people living in the Harappan society to be able to trade.**-MH**

**__4. Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems__**
//__Agricultural and pastoral production__// Agriculture was a big part of South Asia. Both the Aryans and Harappans used irrigation from a main river source, the Indus River. Due to the abundance of food from farming, the population of the Harappan society grew immensely. Neolithic villages evolved into thriving cities by 3000 B.C.E. The Dravidian peoples had numerous agricultural villages in the Indus River valley. They grew wheat, barley, and cotton. They also have livestock such as: cattle, sheep, and goats. **KH** //__Trade and commerce__// Harappans traded pottery, tools and decorative items with neighboring peoples in Persia and the Hindu Kush mountains. In return, the Harappans gained gold, silver, copper, lead, gems, and semiprecious stones. Between 2300 and 1750 B.C.E., they also traded with Mesopotamia; exchanging Indian copper, ivory, and pearls for Sumerian wool, leather, and olive oil. Most of the trading was done by ships that followed the coastline of the Arabian Sea. **KH** //__Capitalism and socialism__// Due to the wealth of Harappan society, formation of social distinctions was encouraged. Rulers held great authority from the citadels at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Rich and poor lived in very different style houses. The rich lived in individual houses of two and three stories. These homes had multiple rooms and interior courtyards. Most of the large houses had their own wells and boult-in brick ovens. The smaller homes for the poor were barrack style structures with one room. Almost all of the houses had private bathrooms with showers and toilets that drained into city sewage systems. **KH**

//__**5.Development and transformation of social structures**__// __//Gender roles and relations/Family and Kinship//__ As far as gender roles and relations go, the Aryans had a strong patriarchal social order on gender distinctions. Priests, warriors, and chiefs were men, and descent was trough the males. Women only could influence in the family. Only males could inherit property, unless there were no male heirs. Women did not become priests and have education, including in the Vedas. the Lawbook of Manu talked of proper moral and social relationships, including in between the genders. This reflected the Vedic age time. Women needed honor, but the men should give the guidance. Women needed to mind the children and the home. This is akin to the other agriculture societies. Sati, where a widow through herself on the pyre of her husband, was not common later on, but gives the point. **AM**

__//Racial and Ethnic Constructions//__ At first, there were divisions based on the wheaty Aryans and the dark skinned Dravidians, but they mingled so much that the main distinctions are in the next point. **AM**

__//Social and Economic Classes//__ Within the Happaran society, the poor had barracks while the rich lived by themselves. Now, when Aryans were introduced, things got more complex. Wealth, at first, was often based on cattle. Later, the caste system came into place, which is of heredity. There were four varnas: priests (brahmins), warriors and aristocrats (kshatryiyas); cultivators, artisans and merchants (vaishyas), and landless peasants and serf (shudras). Later, untouchables like butchers were introduced. The top tier tow ruled. Later, there were subcastes known as jati, where similar tasks were in the same jati. There were thousands of jati, with immense detail about one's stature in life. The jate lived together, and violating the subcaste rules lead to expulsion. Now, the caste system could be flexible. Downwards moving was easier than rising upwards. Successes did lead to a rise. The caste system was an equivalent of the states, lands, and other empires. **AM**