A+-+The+Industrial+Revolution+Spreads

**The Industrial Revolution Spreads (298-304)**

__**Terms:**__ **Alfred Nobel-** Invented dynamite.
 * Henry Bessemer-** Independently developed a new process for making steel from iron.
 * Michael Faraday-** Created the first simple electric motor.
 * Dynamo-** The first simple electric motor.
 * Thomas Edison-** Made the first electric light bulb.
 * Interchangeable Parts-** Identical components used to replace another.
 * Assembly Line-** Every worker does his/her job over and over again.
 * Orville and Wilber Wright-** Designed and flew the first airplane.
 * Guglielnio Marconi-** Invented the radio.
 * Stock-** Shares of a company.
 * Corporations-** Businesses owned by investors.
 * Cartel-** Associations of different corporations to fix prices and control market

= **New Industrial Powers Emerge** = In the early Industrial Revolution, Britain was the only one in the worlds industry. Then in the mid-1800s, in the second phase of the Industrial Revolution, new industiral posers emerged. Belgium was the first European country to become industrialized. Other countries were able to catch up to Britain such as Germany, France, and the United States. They were able to catch up so quickly because they had a more abundant supply of resources than Britain did. They also had the advantage of following Britain's lead. Soon Germany became Europe's leading industrial power. Almost 100 years after Britain, Russia's started toward industrialization. Because of industrialization huge quantities of new goods at lower prices were stocked in stores.

What factors led to the industrialization of other nations after Britain?
Since Britain was the first country to start industrialization, other countries were able to follow Britain’s lead and they were able to borrow Britain’s experts and technology. Also other countries were able to thrive past Britain because they had a more abundant supply of materials.

= **Technology Sparks Industrial Growth** =

By the 1800s, the pace off change quickened when companies hired professional chemists and engineers to create new

products and machinery. Because steel was lighter, harder, and more durable than iron it became the major material for big projects like bridges and railroads. New chemists created hundreds of new products like medicines, perfumes, soaps, and new fertilizers played a major role in increasing food production. New methods were production were created from the dynamo, like power driven machines. Which lead to the assembly line, which made production much faster and cheaper, lowering the prices of goods.

**What was the dynamo’s impact on the industrial revolution?**
The dynamo, the first electric generator created by Michael Faraday, had a major impact on the industrial revolution. Because of the dynamo cities, with the help of Thomas Edison’s electric light bulb, were illuminated but incandescent lamps and continued to glow through the night. And now factories could continue running throughout the night, which meant more profit for big businesses.

= **Transportation and Communication Advances** = The transportation and communication were transformed by technology. Steamships replaced sailing ships, and railroad building took off. In the United States a transcontinental railroad provided rail service from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Russia did the same thing linking Moscow to Vladivostok. The Transportation Revolution real-

ly took of when Nikolaus Otto invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. This then gave Gottlieb Daimler the idea of the first four-wheeled automobile. Then in the early 1900s, Henry Ford started making models that started reaching astounding speeds of 25 miles per hour. With the help of the assembly line, Henry Ford was able to mass produce cars, making the United states the leading producer in cars. In 1903 Orville and Wilbeur Wright designed and flew the first airplane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. But commercial passenger travel would not begin until the 1920s. While the transportation revolution was taking place another revolution was happening to strengthen the Industrial Revolution. Samuel Morse developed the first telegram, that could send coded messages over wires through electricity. By the 1860s an undersea cable the connected America to Europe called the transatlantic cable was built for relaying messages. It was a major accomplishment for its day. Then in 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone then by the 1890s the first radio was created by Guglielmo Marconi.

** How did technological advances in transportation and communications affect the Industrial Revolution? **
They affected the Industrial Revolution by making it easier for industries to transport there goods a greater distance making them available to more people, bringing in more money to the industries. The Communication Revolution made it easier for inventors to relay their ideas to other inventors, making the number of inventions greater, and the quality to be better.

= **Business Takes a new direction** = ==

Big business came to control industry. Big business is an establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods. New technologies required the investment of large amounts of capital, or money. To get this required capital, owners started selling stock. Because of these stocks, large businesses formed giant corporations. Strong business leaders created monopolies and trust, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy. Examples of this are a German named Alfred Krupp who inherited a steel-making business from his father. And John D. Rockefeller who built Standard Oil Company into an empire. In their pursuit of profit, ruthless business leaders destroyed competing companies. When there competition became extinct, the could now raise their prices as much as they wanted to. Sometimes a group of corporations would join forces and form a cartel. Reformers wanted laws to demolish monopolies and control large corporations. Despite the questionable business practices, business leaders were able to find support from the government.

Why were the big business leaders “captains of other industries” to some but “robber bankers” to others?
The people that thought big businesses were captains of industry pointed out that the big industries invested in worldwide ventures like railroad building which made them praise there vision and skills. To other people the came off as robber bankers because they were always trying to destroy the competition and damaging the free-enterprise system.

//Citations////://
 * 1) World History Textbook
 * 2) ABC Cleo
 * 3) www.fordham.edu