A+-+Group+6+-+Renaissance+Project

**Section 1**
__**Terms**__
 * humanism-study of Greek and Roman culture
 * humanities-grammer, peotry, and history
 * Petrarch-a humanist, poet, and scholar
 * Florence-a main country in the Renaissance
 * patron-financial supporter
 * perspective-the way artists looked at realistic art
 * Leonardo-artist and inventor with models
 * Michelangelo-a sculptor, engineer painter, architect, and poet
 * Raphael-painted with a blend of Christian and classical styles
 * Baldassare Castiglione-wrote a book explaining manners, skills, and learnings
 * Niccolo Machiavelli-wrote a guide on how to gain and keep power

__**Checkpoints**__ ?What were the main characteristics of the Renaissance? >It was an advance in art, literature, and acting.

?Why was Italy a favorable setting for the Renaissance? >Most Italian families were economic leaders, very rich, and successful.

?How were Renaissance ideals reflected in the arts? >Artists invented many new styles of painting, like classical, realistic, Christian, etc.

?How did Renaissance writings express realism? >They provided a realistic look at politics, ethnicity, natures of government, and use of power.

**Section 2**
__**Terms**__ //*Johann Gutenberg-printed the first complete edition of the Bible using his invention, a printing press.
 * Flanders-was a region including present day France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
 * Albrecht Durer-was a German painter, and one of the first of northern artists to be profoundly affected by the Renaissance.
 * Engraving-was when an artist etches a design on metal with acid.
 * Vernacular-is the everyday language used by ordinary people.
 * Erasmus-was a Dutch priest who wrote a new Greek edition of the Bible.
 * Thomas More-explained to people that how to live in peace and harmony, and that justice is used to end crime rather than eliminate criminals.
 * Utopia-is used for that ideal, perfect world. But it is said that it is impractical.
 * Shakespeare-was a famous playwrite who wrote 37 plays still being performed around the world today.//

__**Checkpoints**__ //?What was the impact of the printing press? >Printing books became cheaper and easier, so more people learned to read and got educated.

?What themes did northern Renaissance artists explore? >Engraving and painting were some of northern Renaissances' most powerful themes.

?What Renaissance ideas did Shakespeare's work address? >He developed more than 1,700 words into the English language, and to be used in his plays to help people understand them.//

**Section 3**
__**Terms**__
 * indulgences-a way to buy yourself a way to heaven
 * Martin Luther-a German monk and professor that started protests against the Church
 * Wittenburg-a city where Johann Tetzel sold indulgences
 * Charles V-Holy Roman Emperor during the Renaissance
 * diet-a meeting of German Princes
 * John Calvin-a reformer that affected the direction of the Reformation
 * predestination-idea that God has already determined who would gain salvation
 * Geneva-a Swiss city-state from which Calvin lead Protestants
 * theocracy-government run by the Church

__**Checkpoints**__ ?What factors set the stage for the Protestant Reformation? >Popes and Churches fought monarchs and princes for political power and land.

?How did Luther's teachings affect people and society in northern Europe? >Peasants rebelled, killed and left homeless thousands of people, to recieve freedom.

?How were Calvin's ideas put into practice? >Priests liked his ideas of stressing the importance of the Bible and rejecting elaborate rituals.

**Section 4**

 * __Terms__**
 * sect-religious groups that broke away from the church
 * Henry VIII-a King responsible for the break of the Catholic Church
 * Mary Tudor-Henry's daughter
 * Thomas Cranmer-annulled Henry's marriage with Catherine
 * Elizabeth-his second wife's daughter
 * canonize-to recognize as a saint
 * compromise-an acceptable middle ground
 * Council of Trent-council that met to discuss direction of the Reformation
 * Ignatius of Loyota-a Spanish knight that founded a new religious order
 * Teresa of Avila-recognized feelings of intense faith
 * ghetto-a small separated quarter of a city

?Who were the Anabaptists? >People who believed that infants were too young to understand/accept the Christian faith.
 * __Checkpoints__**

?Why was the Church of England established? >Henry thought Catholic churches were centers of immorality, and he wanted the use of the English Bible.

?What was the outcome of the Catholic Reformation? >Most Europeans remained Catholic, but Protestantism had stayed and spread.

?Why were Jews and other people persecuted? >Martin Luther wanted them to convert to his teachings, but when they didn't want to they were persecuted.

**Section 5**

 * __Terms__**
 * Nicolaus Copernicus-proposed the heliocentric model
 * heliocentric-a sun-centered model of the universe
 * Tycho Brahe-a Danish astronomer who followed stars
 * Johannes Kepler-Brahe's assistant who used his data to calculate the planets' orbits
 * Galileo-observed Jupiter's moons moving around Jupiter
 * Francis Bacon-English, determined how truth is determined with partner below
 * Rene Descartes-French, determined how truth is determined with partner above
 * scientific method-step-by-step process of discovery
 * hypothesis-a possible explanation or predection
 * Robert Boyle-thought of chemicals as blocks
 * Isaac Newton-discovered gravity
 * gravity-the force that kept the planets going around the Sun
 * calculus-a branch of mathematics used in explaining gravity

__**Checkpoints**__ ?Why was Copernicus's theory seen as radical? >Everyone thought they were chosen by God and the Earth was at the center of the Universe.

?How did Bacon and Descartes each approach the new scientific method? >Bacon believed in observation and experimentation, while Descartes thought reasoning lead to understanding.

?How did Boyle transform the science of chemistry? >He explained that chemicals were just small elements mixed together to form different substances.

?How did Newton use observations of nature to explain the movements of the planets? >He said that all motion can be measured and the force can also that keeps the planets in orbit.