Iberian+Empires+in+the+Americas+and+Settlers+in+the+Colonies

=**Iberian Empires in the Americas and Settlers in the Colonies (670-675)** =

__**Spanish Colonial Administration:**__ The conquests of Mexico and Peru were not by Spanish royal policy but of freelance adventurers. After their conquests Cortes and Pizarro gave land and labor rights to their troops in the regions. In 1570 a semi-private regime of conquistadores controlled the area but were then replaced by spanish bureaucrats. Administers established 2 main centers in the Americas, Mexico(New Spain) and Peru(New Castile) and each was governed by a viceroy(responsible to spanish king) Mexico's capital city, Mexico city was built atop Tenochtitlan. In Peru, Lima was founded in 1535(was accessible to the coast and shipping) To keep viceroys from becoming too independently powerful, spanish kings subjected them to courts(audiencias) which were staffed by university educated lawyers. They heard appeals against the viceroy decisions and policies, they also could address concerns directly to the King. They also conducted reviews at the conclusion of the viceroy's term and if they received a negative review the viceroy could be subjected to severe punishment. Transportation and Communication difficulties limited viceroys ability to supervise their territories. In many regions because of these difficulties administration fell to the local audiencias. It often took 2 years for the Spanish government to respond to Mexican or Peruvian queries and often didn't give them a firm answer. Spanish rule in the Americas led to many cities to develop within their territories. The colonists their prefered to live within the cities. As the number of migrants increased the territory under Spanish authority expanded. New spain spanned Mexico city to St. Augustine, Florida. Lima oversaw Panama to Concepcion to Buenos Aires.
 * __New Cities:__**

As the Spanish worked in Mexico and Peru the Portuguese established imperial presence in Brazil. In 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the treaty of Tordesillas. This said that spain could claim any land west of their determined line as long as it was not already under christian rule. Portugal then could claim any land east of their pre-determined line. Brazil then went to Portugal and the rest of the new lands to Spain. The Portuguese decided to claim lands when the French and Dutch began to show interest, The portuguese king then made large land grants to nobles(and expected them to colonize the holdings) Later however a governer was dispatched to oversee affairs and implement the royal policy. Portuguese interest in Brazil rose greatly when entrepreneurs established sugar plantations along the coast. The cities of the Iberian Empire reflected the european style society. Spires of churches graced the skyline, Spanish and Portuguese languages were used in the government, business, and society. Beyond the urban areas native ways still existed. The few spanish and portuguese ventured into the native regions adapted to their ways of life. The Portuguese and Spanish saw Americas as a place to exploit and administer and less to colonize. However from 1500 to 1800 about 500,000 spanish and 100,000 Portuguese crossed the Atlantic to the Americas. The new world was charaterized by intense interaction between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
 * __Portuguese Brazil:__**
 * __Colonial American Society:__**

In the 17th century they began to plant permanent colonies on the North American midland.
French had colonies at port royal(nova scotia) in 1604 and Quebec in 1608 The English founded Jamestown in 1607 and massachucetts bay colony in 1630, later on they established colonies in the US. In Jamestown food shortages and disease wiped out 440 out of 500 people during the winter(1609-10) The dutch built New Amsterdam in 1623 During the 17th and 18th centuries the french settled in eastern Canada. The French also found the mississippi, ohio, and St. Lawrence rivers and built forts from there to the Gulf of Mexico Settlers produced fur, pitch, tar, and lumber to sustain their communities.

**__Colonial Government__**
The french and english colonies differed from Iberian territories a lot, like Iberian explorations had royal backings, but the english and french had individual investors to finance their expeditions. The english were also subject to Royal Authority( they had no viceroys or audiencias) After the 7 years war the french colony fell under british control and then they became self governed.

**__Relations with Indigenous peoples__**
French and english migrants didnt find large centralized states but instead found villages and moved quite often to find new game. The migrants never claimed ownership of territories but migrated between regions. When Europeans saw forested lands without crops they looked over the lands and when the indigenous people migrated through the lands the europeans excluded them. 150,000 english migrants moved to North America during the 17th century due to the availability of fertile farmland.

**__Conflict__**
French and English settlers clashed with native peoples who hated intrusions on their hunting grounds. English settlers negotiated rights to American lands by treaty, but native peoples didnt like the english law and they had raids on thier farms and villages. In one massacre, the native people killed about one-third of English settlers in the Chesapeake region (1622) Because of the massacre many raged english settlers went and destroyed the fields and villages of native peoples. One man named Edward Waterhouse was very angry and went on an annihilation of the indigenous population. A combination of disease and conflict destroyed the population of the native peoples. In 1492 the native population in the United States was greater than 5 million people, by the mid-sixteenth century due to smallpox and other diseases carried from other regions reduced the indigenous population to 600,000.