Mesopotamia+(45-56)+2


 * Mesopotamia (45-56) **

-Wealth attracted neighboring peoples -Imposed ways by force -Migrants left and carried the traditions to other lands DH
 * __THE BROADER INFLUENCE OF MESOPOTAMIAN SOCIETY:)__**

-Preserved memories of historical experiences in a collection of sacred writings. KD -Israelites formed branch of Hebrews that settled in Palestine. KD -"Jews descended from southern Israelites who inhabited the kingdom of Judah." (Pg. 45) KD
 * HEBREWS ISRAELITES AND JEWS **

__*The Early Hebrews__ -Hebrews were speakers of the ancient Hebrew language. KD -The early Hebrews are pastoral nomads between Mesopotamia and Egypt. KD -Hebrew law borrowed ideas from lex talionis in Hammurabi's Code DH -Abraham #|leads group to Palestine. KD -Descendents borrow law of retribution and flood story from Mesopotamia. KD

__*Migrants and #|Settlement in Palestine__ -Twelve tribes of Hebrews (Called Israelites) fought the Palestinians -Israelites inherited a Mesopotamian Style Monarchy -12 tribes became Israelites. KD -Built an elaborate capital at Jerusalem -Jerusalem had Mesopotamian style monarchs. KD -Traded with Mesopotamians, Egytptians, and Arabians -Made use of iron for military DH -"According to their scriptures, some Hebrews migrated from Palestine to Egypt during the 18th century B.C.E." (pg. 46) KD -Some migrated to Egypt then back to Palestine with Moses. KD -King David (1000-970 B.C.E.) then King Soloman (970-930 B.C.E.) KD

__*Moses and Monotheism__ -Hebrews and Mesopotamians believed in nature spirits -Moses believed in one God (Monotheism) KD -Yahweh -Omnipotent creator of universe -Also a personal God -Other Gods were false and imaginary -Religious leaders made a Torah -Collection of holy scriptures DH -A detailed elaborate legal code was made after Mose's death that further instructed the Israelites to provide relief for orphans, slaves, the poor and widows. KD -Expected followers to worship him alone, and had to have high moral and ethical standards. KD -Ten Commandments is a set of religious and ethical principles that Moses announced to the Israelites. Yahweh warned followers about behavior that went against the commandments. KD

__*Assyrian and Babylonian Conquests__ -Tribal tensions lead to break up of kingdom of Israelite's Community - Conquered kingdom of Israel in North -Conquered kingdom of Judah known as Judea in the South -Destroyed Jerusalem KD -Judea soon conquered by Babylonian Empire -Peoples known as Jews -Israelites intensified their religion -Rededicated themselves to their commandments DH -Built distinct Jewish community in Judea. KD

__*Early Jewish Community__ -Made small Jewish states at tributaries -Built a distinctive religious community -Supported justice and righteousness -Conviction of their relationship with Yahweh -Influenced development of Christianity and Islam DH

-Occupied land between Mediterranean Sea and Lebanon Mountains -Spoke Semitic language -Called land Canaan and called themselves Canaanites DH
 * THE PHOENICIANS **

__*The Early Phoenicians__ -Did not have unified monarchy -Had organized series of independent city-states ruled by local kings -More interested in commercializing than militaries DH -Spoke Semitic language. KD -First settlers about 3000 B.C.E. KD

__*Phoenician Trade Networks__ -Traded over land with Mesopotamians -Lived on Trade, and #|communication networks, little agriculture. KD -Traded by sea, and by land. KD -By trading they acquired furnishings, decorative items, cedar timber. -Imported food and raw materials -Exported metals, textiles, pottery, glass, and works of art by sea to trade. -Phoenicians built best ships of their times -Trade took Phoenician ships to Canary Islands, Portugal, France, and the British Isles -Female deity was Astarte -Associated gods with nature and natural phenomena -Built temples to honor favored deities DH

__*Alphabetic Writing__ -Had early alphabetical script. (1500 B.C.E.) KD -At first, relied on cuneiform writing -After 2000 B.C.E they began to experiment with alphabetic symbols -22 symbols for consonants -No symbols for vowels -Easier than remembering hundreds of symbols like in cuneiform -Caused more people to become literate than ever before -Greeks modified Phoenician alphabet -Phoenicians started spread of alphabetic symbols around the world DH -Romans later adapted the Greek alphabet KD

How Language Changed: -KD
 * = English || German || Spanish || Greek || Latin || Sanskrit ||
 * father || vater || padre || pater || pater || pitar ||
 * fire || feuer || fuego || pyr || ignis || agnis ||

-MF

-Productive region in which people mixed and mingled - Mesopotamian and neighboring people dealt with people from very far away. SP -Linguists discover similarities between many languages, and believe they must be related. KD
 * __THE INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS:)__**

-Originated in steppes of central Asia by pastoral people. KD -Ancient Southwest Asian and Indian languages resembled one another in many ways -Including Sanskrit (Indian), Old Persian, Greek, and Latin -Researchers believe these similarities are because these people had a similar homeland -They have some of the same basic grammatical structures -Earliest Indo-European speakers built their society in modern day Ukraine and south Russia -Lived there from about 4500-2500 BC -Herded cattle, sheep, and goats -Cultivated barley and millet -Domesticated horses, learned to ride them, and use them with carts and chariots. -Devised a way to create a chariot with horses -Horses helped these people with transportation of goods for trade -Became a military advantage SP
 * INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGINS **

-With a population explosion indo-europeans expanded -These were gradual expansions of migrants -Most influential Indo-European migrants were known as the Hittites -Migrated to the central plain of Anatolia -Established relations with the Mesopotamian people -Traded with babylonians and Assyrians -1595 BC Hittites conquered the Babylonian empire of Mesopotamia -After this they were the dominant power in Asia -Expanded to Anatolia, northern Mesopotamia, Syria, and Phoenicia -After 1200 BC the Hittite state dissolved -Waves of invaded from societies through the eastern Mediterranean region -Although the Assyrian empire came about the Hittite language and identity survived -Hittites were responsible for the refinement of iron metallurgy and chariots -Hittites' chariots were faster and lighter than Sumerians, making them better for battle -Chariots became more and more common making them very important for every army -Hittites' iron metallurgy was important because they heated it with charcoal to make it less brittle, this idea eventually spread throughout all Eurasia -Hittites moved to Anatolia and other Indo-european speakers moved to the east deeper into Central Asia -Other Indo-Europeans moved West into Greece and Italy -Soon making their way to modern Germany, Austria and even France -For the first millennium Indo-European Celtic speakers dominated Europe North of the Mediterranean -They recognized three social classes: 1.)military elite 2.)a small group of priests 3.)large class of commoners KD - Most commoners tended herds and cultivated crops, some were also miners, craftsmen, or producers of metal goods. KD -1500 BC the Medes and Persians migrated into the Iranian plateau -While the Ayrans began filtering to northern India SP
 * INDO-EUROPEAN EXPANSION AND ITS EFFECTS **
 * -Hitties settled in Central Anatolia and built powerful kingdoms, conquered Babylonian empire. They dissolved about 1200 B.C.E. They also were advanced in light horse drawn chariots, and in iron metallurgy.** KD
 * -Migrants also went to Greece, Italy, central Europe, western Europe, and Britain. They were all pastoral agriculturalists, and they spoke related languages, and worship similar deities.** KD

=Five Themes= = =

__Migration Patterns of Settlement__
-Early Hebrews settled in Mesopotamian cities from Palestine AD -Among them was Abraham, later moved back to Palestine, possibly due to disorder in Sumer AD -Later, Hebrews left Palestine and migrated to Egypt AD -Same group of Hebrews went back to Palestine under Moses and fought for territory with other residents of Palestine AD -Phoenicians lived North of Palestine in between the Mediterranean Sea and the Lebanon Mountains KP -The origional Indo-European's homeland was modern day Ukraine and Southern Russia KP -Indo-Europeans eventually migrated East as far as western China, West as far as Germany, Austria, France, and the British Isles, and South into Northern India KP

__Technology__
-Israelites used iron technology to strengten their military and improve their agriculture AD -Hittites were responsible for the refinement of iron metallurgy and chariots -Hittites' chariots were faster and lighter than Sumerians, making them better for battle -Hittites' iron metallurgy was important because they heated it with charcoal to make it less brittle, this idea eventually spread throughout all Eurasia MF

__Religions, Belief Systems, Philosophies, and Ideologies__
-Early Hebrews accepted gods recognized by Mesopotamians AD -Moses introduced monotheism AD -Believed there was only one god called Yaweh AD -Yaweh was the creator and ruler of the world AD -Under this belief, all other god were false AD -A temple built in Jerusalem honored Yaweh AD -Yaweh was a personal god AD -Yaweh set high moral standards, and stated that his followers must believe in only him AD -Moses presented the Ten Commandments: the rules Yaweh gave to the Israelites AD

__The Arts and Architecture__
-Built temples to honor favored deities MF -Built an elaborate capital at Jerusalem

__Political Structures and Forms of Governance__
-Israelites adopted monarch government style of Mesopotamia AD -King David ruled from 1000-970 BCE AD -King Solomon ruled from 970-930 BCE AD

__Empires, Nations, Nationalism, Revolts, and Revolutions__
-Tribal tensions lead to break up of kingdom of Israelite's Community AD

__Regional, Trans-regional, and Global Structures and Organizations__
-After about 2500 B.C.E., the phoenicians turned increasingly towards industry and trade. Traded with Mesopotamians and others. Provided the timber, furnishings, and other decorative items that went into the temple in Jerusalem. EN -Phoenicians engaged in maritime trade. They imported food and raw materials while exporting metal goods, textiles, pottery, glass, and works of art. EN -Phoenicians were excellent sailors and built the best ships of their time period allowing them to dominate mediterranean trade. -commercial colonies were established in Rhodes, Cyprus, Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, and north Africa. -Phoenician merchant ships also visited the Canary Islands, Portugal, France, British isles, Azores islands, and down the west coast of Africa as far down as New Guinea. EN

__Agriculture and Pastoral Production__
-Herded cattle, sheep, and goats -Cultivated barley and millet -Domesticated horses, learned to ride them, and use them with carts and chariots.

__Trade and Commerce__
-Phoenicians traded overland with Mesopotamians and others KP -Phoenicians provided cedar timber, furnishings, and decorative temple items KP -Phoenicians imported food and raw materials in exchange for high quality metal goods, textiles, pottery, glass, and works of art KP

__Industrialization__
-Phoenicians were known for ship building the best ships of the time KP -Sailed far and wide looking for raw materials KP

__Social and Economic Classes__
- The indo-European speakers recognized 3 principal social groups 1. Military ruling elite 2. Small group of priests 3. Large group of commoners EN -Commoners: most tended herds or cultivated crops. Some were miners, craftsmen, or producers of metal goods.EN

** Yellow box **
Israelites relations with the neighboring Peoples
 * king solomon inherited Davids throne and wanted to build a tempel to god
 * israelites didnt have the timber, stones, or constructions skills
 * Solomon worte to King Hiram of Tyre for help
 * exchange fir and cedar trees for twenty thousand measure of wheat & twenty measures of oil
 * king Hirams servents brought the wood by sea
 * King solomon sent 30 k men to get stone from Lebanon, S&H builders hew them
 * King S made ships, King H send experienced men to help collect gold from Ophir( arabia/ethiopia)
 * They made a tempel for god

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